#macromolecule__supermolecule  any very large molecule (a molecule of a protein or a polymer)
  supertype:  molecule  (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
  subtype:  protein  any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of long chains of polypeptides
     subtype:  capsid  the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
     subtype:  gluten  a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough
        subtype:  corn_gluten  gluten prepared from corn
        subtype:  wheat_gluten__wheatgluten  gluten prepared from wheat
     subtype:  actomyosin  a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions
     subtype:  aleurone  granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains
     subtype:  amyloid  (pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue
     subtype:  apoenzyme  a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme
     subtype:  conjugated_protein__compound_protein  a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances
        subtype:  glycoprotein  a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
           subtype:  mucin  a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces
           subtype:  lectin  any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus
           subtype:  mucoid  any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin
           subtype:  transferrin__betaglobulin__siderophilin  glycoprotein that carries iron in the blood
        subtype:  hemoprotein__haemoprotein  a conjugated protein linked to an iron-porphyrin compound
           subtype:  hemoglobin__haemoglobin__Hb  a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"
              subtype:  oxyhemoglobin__oxyhaemoglobin  the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body"
           subtype:  myoglobin  a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed
           subtype:  cytochrome  a class of hemoprotein whose principle biological function is as carriers of electrons
              subtype:  cytochrome_c  the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer
        subtype:  lipoprotein  a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
           subtype:  high-density_lipoprotein__HDL__alpha-lipoportein  a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
           subtype:  low-density_lipoprotein__lowdensitylipoprotein__LDL__ldl__beta-lipoprotein  a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
           subtype:  very_low_density_lipoprotein__VLDL  large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
     subtype:  enzyme  any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
        subtype:  amylase  any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar
           subtype:  ptyalin  an amylase secreted in saliva
        subtype:  cholinesterase  an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid)
        subtype:  coagulase  an enzyme that induces coagulation
           subtype:  thrombin  an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot
           subtype:  rennin__chymosin  an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
        subtype:  complement.enzyme  one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response
        subtype:  catalase  enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and water
        subtype:  cyclooxygenase__Cox  either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
           subtype:  cyclooxygenase-1__Cox-1  an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of Nsaids is that they block Cox-1"
           subtype:  cyclooxygenase-2__Cox-2  an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of Nsaids result from their ability to block Cox-2"
        subtype:  decarboxylase  any of the enzymes that that hydrolize the carboxyl group
        subtype:  de-iodinase  an enzyme that removes the iodine radical
        subtype:  enterokinase  enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin
        subtype:  histaminase  enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine
        subtype:  hyaluronidase__spreading_factor__spreadingfactor__hyazyme  an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids
        subtype:  isomerase  an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form
        subtype:  kinase  an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme
        subtype:  lactase__lactaid  any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose
        subtype:  lipase  an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
        subtype:  lysozyme__muramidase  an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
        subtype:  monoamine_oxidase__monoamineoxidase__MAO  an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
        subtype:  nitrogenase  an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia
        subtype:  oxidase  any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation
           subtype:  peroxidase  any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide
              subtype:  glutathione_peroxidase__glutathioneperoxidase  an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals
        subtype:  oxidoreductase  an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction
           subtype:  oxygenase  an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen
        subtype:  papain  a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer
        subtype:  penicillinase__betalactamase  enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic
        subtype:  pepsin  an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones
        subtype:  pepsinogen  precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
        subtype:  phosphatase  any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates
        subtype:  plasmin__fibrinolysin  an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots
           subtype:  plasminogen  an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents
        subtype:  polymerase  an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA
           subtype:  transcriptase  a polymerase associated with the process of transcription
           subtype:  reverse_transcriptase__reversetranscriptase  a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses
        subtype:  protease__peptidase__proteinase__proteolytic_enzyme__proteolyticenzyme  any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis
           subtype:  caspase  any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis
           subtype:  angiotensin_converting_enzyme  proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
           subtype:  plasminogen_activator__plasminogenactivator__urokinase  protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis
           subtype:  renin  a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
        subtype:  reductase  an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance
           subtype:  HMG-CoA_reductase__5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme_A_reductase  a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol
        subtype:  rennin__chymosin  an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate
        subtype:  secretase  a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's)
        subtype:  streptodornase  an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase)
        subtype:  streptokinase  an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
        subtype:  superoxide_dismutase__SOD  an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes"
        subtype:  transaminase  a class of enzymes that cause transamination
           subtype:  glutamic_oxalacetic_transaminase__glutamic_oxaloacetic_transaminase  an enzyme involved in transamination
        subtype:  trypsin  an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units
           subtype:  trypsinogen  inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine
        subtype:  zymase  a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms
     subtype:  fibrin  a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets
     subtype:  hatoglobin  a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds)
     subtype:  iodoprotein__iodinated_protein__iodinatedprotein  a protein that contains iodine
        subtype:  thyroprotein  a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine
        subtype:  thyroglobulin  an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins
     subtype:  nucleoprotein  any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid
     subtype:  opsin  retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin
     subtype:  phosphoprotein  containing chemically bound phosphoric acid
        subtype:  casein  a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives
     subtype:  plasma_protein  any of the proteins in blood plasma
        subtype:  human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin  a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
           subtype:  immunoglobulin__Ig__immune_serum_globulin__immune_gamma_globulin__immune_globulin  a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
              subtype:  antibody  any of a large variety of immunoglobulins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
                 subtype:  autoantibody  an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it
                    subtype:  rheumatoid_factor  autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis
                 subtype:  precipitin  an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen
                 subtype:  ABO_antibodies  blood type antibodies
                 subtype:  Rh_antibody  rhesus factor antibody
                 subtype:  antitoxin  an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin
                    subtype:  antivenin__antivenene  an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
                    subtype:  tetanus_antitoxin__tetanusantitoxin  antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus
                 subtype:  agglutinin  an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen
                    subtype:  isoagglutinin  an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species
                 subtype:  heterophil_antibody__heterophile_antibody__heterophileantibody__forssmanantibody  an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis
                 subtype:  isoantibody__alloantibody  an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species
                 subtype:  monoclonal_antibody  any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a hybridoma; very specific for a particular location in the body
                 subtype:  opsonin  an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes
              subtype:  immunoglobulin_A__IgA  one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
              subtype:  immunoglobulin_D__IgD  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts
              subtype:  immunoglobulin_E__IgE  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
                 subtype:  reagin  an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy
              subtype:  immunoglobulin_G__IgG  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
              subtype:  immunoglobulin_M__IgM  one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
              subtype:  tetanus_immunoglobulin__tetanusimmunoglobulin__tetanusimmuneglobulin  sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillis
        subtype:  coagulation_factor__coagulationfactor__clottingfactor  any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation
           subtype:  fibrinogen__factor_I  a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots
           subtype:  prothrombin__factorii  a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin
           subtype:  thromboplastin__thrombokinase__factor_III  an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot
           subtype:  calcium_ion__calciumion__factor_IV  ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood
           subtype:  proaccelerin__prothrombin_accelerator__prothrombinaccelerator__accelerator_factor__acceleratorfactor__factor_V  a coagulation factor
           subtype:  proconvertin__cothromboplastin__stable_factor__factor_VII  a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K
           subtype:  antihemophilic_factor__antihaemophilic_factor__antihaemophilicfactor__antihemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilic_globulin__antihaemophilicglobulin__factor_VIII__Hemofil  a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A
           subtype:  Christmas_factor__factor_IX  coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B
           subtype:  prothrombinase__factor_X  coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors
           subtype:  plasma_thromboplastin_antecedent__factor_XI  coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency
           subtype:  Hageman_factor__factor_XII  coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood
           subtype:  fibrinase__factorxiii  in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot
     subtype:  prostate_specific_antigen__PSA  a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
     subtype:  simple_protein  a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed
        subtype:  actin  one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form
        subtype:  albumin__albumen  a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
           subtype:  ricin  a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent
           subtype:  lactalbumin  albumin occurring in milk
           subtype:  serum_albumin__serumalbumin  albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood
        subtype:  globulin  a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed
           subtype:  serum_globulin__serumglobulin  globulins occurring blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood
              subtype:  C-reactive_protein__CRP  a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation
           subtype:  human_gamma_globulin__humangammaglobulin__gamma_globulin__gammaglobulin  a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses
           subtype:  myosin  the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin
        subtype:  globin__hematohiston__haematohiston  a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells
        subtype:  glutelin  a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals
        subtype:  histone  a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids
        subtype:  prolamine  a simple protein found in plants
        subtype:  protamine  a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin
        subtype:  scleroprotein__albuminoid  a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye
           subtype:  collagen  a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling
           subtype:  elastin  a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries
           subtype:  gelatine__gelatin  a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin
           subtype:  keratin__ceratin  a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair feathers nails and hooves
     subtype:  cytokine  any of various proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system
        subtype:  tumor_necrosis_factor__tumour_necrosis_factor__TNF  a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
        subtype:  lymphokine  a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that play a role in cell-mediated immunity
           subtype:  interleukin  any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system
     subtype:  ferritin  a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body
  subtype:  nucleic_acid__nucleicacid  any of various macromolecules that are vital constituents of all living cells
     subtype:  DNA__deoxyribonucleic_acid__desoxyribonucleic_acid__desoxyribonucleicacid  a nucleic acid consisting of large molecules shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information; "DNA is the king of molecules"
        subtype:  operon  a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene
        subtype:  recombinant_DNA__recombinant_deoxyribonucleic_acid  genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
        subtype:  sticky_end  an end of DNA in which one strand of the double helix extends a few units beyond the other
     subtype:  ribonucleic_acid__ribonucleicacid__rna  a nucleic acid that transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm; controls certain chemical processes in the cell; "ribonucleic acid is the genetic material of some viruses"
        subtype:  messenger_RNA__mRNA  the template for protein synthesis; the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell
        subtype:  transfer_DNA__tRNA  the form of RNA that attaches the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA)

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