#linguistic_communication__language a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written"
supertype: language (sumo) communication
subtype: words.linguistic_communication__word language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words"
subtype: source_language a language that is to be translated into another language
subtype: application-oriented_language__problem-oriented_language a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user
subtype: high-level_language a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run
subtype: job-control_language__jobcontrollanguage a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system
subtype: command_language__commandlanguage__query_language__querylanguage__search_language a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed
subtype: object_language__target_language the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated
subtype: sign_language__signing language expressed by visible hand gestures
subtype: fingerspelling an alphabet of manual signs
subtype: ASL__American_sign_language the sign language used in the United States
subtype: artificial_language a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose
subtype: Antido an artificial language related to Ido
subtype: Arulo an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language
subtype: Basic_English a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
subtype: Blaia_Zimondal an artificial language
subtype: Esperantido an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido
subtype: Esperanto an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages
subtype: Europan an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language
subtype: Idiom_Neutral an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots
subtype: Interlingua an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance language
subtype: Ido an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto
subtype: Latinesce an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: Latino an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages
subtype: Latino_sine_flexione Latino without inflectional morphology
subtype: Lingualumina an artificial language
subtype: Lingvo_Kosmopolita an artificial language
subtype: Monario an artificial language
subtype: Nov-Esperanto an artificial language based on Esperanto
subtype: Novial an artificial language
subtype: Nov-Latin an artificial language based on Latin
subtype: Occidental.artificial_language__occidental an artificial language
subtype: Optez an artificial language
subtype: Pasigraphy an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas
subtype: Ro an artificial language for international use that rejects rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas
subtype: Romanal an artificial language
subtype: Solresol an artificial language
subtype: Volapuk one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots
subtype: programming_language__programminglanguage__programing_language (computer science) a language designed for programming computers
subtype: algorithmic_language__algorithmiclanguage an artificial language designed to express algorithms
subtype: algebraic_language__algebraiclanguage an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions
subtype: ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language; a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms
subtype: FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation; high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes
subtype: procedural_language
subtype: procedural_compiled_language
subtype: Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: Java_1.0
subtype: Java_2.0
subtype: COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language
subtype: C a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
subtype: Pascal a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach
subtype: procedural_scripting_language
subtype: procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: Javascript
subtype: Javascript_1.0
subtype: Javascript_2.0
subtype: LISP__list-processing_language a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists
subtype: BASIC a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code); no longer in general use
subtype: C++
subtype: ADA
subtype: assembly_language a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language
subtype: computer_language__computer-oriented_language__machine_language__machinelanguage__machine-oriented_language a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers
subtype: multidimensional_language a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension
subtype: decision_table a table or matrix of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each
subtype: flow_chart__flow_diagram a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program
subtype: logic_diagram__logicdiagram__logical_diagram__logicaldiagram a graphical representation of a program using formal logic
subtype: target_language__object_language a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated
subtype: object-oriented_programming_language__object-oriented_programing_language (computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C"
subtype: Java_language__Java a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
subtype: one-dimensional_language__onedimensionallanguage a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters
subtype: stratified_language a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: unstratified_language a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage
subtype: Prolog__logic_programing__logicprograming__logic_programming__logicprogramming a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing
subtype: declarative_language__declarativelanguage
subtype: rule_based_language
subtype: purely_declarative_rule_based_language rule-based language without implicit instructions, e.g., the order between the rules is not important
subtype: file_formatting_language
subtype: declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: style_sheet_language__stylesheetlanguage
subtype: Web-scripting_language__language_interpreted_by_Web_browsers
subtype: procedural_Web-scripting_language
subtype: declarative_Web-scripting_language
subtype: pidgin an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages
subtype: Chinook_Jargon__Oregon_Jargon a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America
subtype: metalanguage a language that can be used to describe languages
subtype: syntax_language__syntaxlanguage a language used to describe the syntax of another language
subtype: natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
subtype: interlanguage__interlingua a language used for international communication
subtype: lingua_franca__koine a common language used by speakers of different languages
subtype: mother_tongue__maternal_language__first_language__firstlanguage one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next
subtype: tone_language__tonal_language__tonallanguage a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings
subtype: contour_language__contourlanguage a tone language that uses pitch changes
subtype: register_language a tone language that uses different voice registers
subtype: creole a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
subtype: Amerind__Amerindian_language__American-Indian_language__American_Indian__Indian any of the languages spoken by Amerindians
subtype: Algonquian_language__Algonquian__Algonquin family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains
subtype: Abnaki the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot peoples
subtype: Algonkian__Algonkin the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian people
subtype: Arapaho__Arapahoe the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho people
subtype: Blackfoot any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot people
subtype: Cheyenne the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne people
subtype: Cree the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree people
subtype: Delaware.Algonquian_language__delaware the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware people
subtype: Fox the Algonquian language of the Fox people
subtype: Illinois.Algonquian_language__illinoi the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami peoples
subtype: Kickapoo the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo people
subtype: Maleseet__Malecite the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody peoples
subtype: Massachuset__Massachusetts the Algonquian language of the Massachuset people
subtype: Menomini the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini people
subtype: Micmac the Algonquian language of the Micmac people
subtype: Mohican__Mahican the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican people
subtype: Nanticoke the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy people
subtype: Ojibwa__Ojibway__Chippewa the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa people
subtype: Pamlico the Algonquian language of the Pamlico people
subtype: Potawatomi the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people
subtype: Powhatan the Algonquian language of the Powhatan people
subtype: Shawnee the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee people
subtype: Atakapan__Atakapa__Attacapa__Attacapan a language spoken by the Atakapa people of the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas
subtype: Athapaskan_language__Athapaskan__Athapascan__Athabaskan__Athabascan a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)
subtype: Apache.Athapaskan_language__apache the language of the Apache people
subtype: Chiricahua_Apache an Apache language
subtype: San_Carlos_Apache an Apache language
subtype: Navaho__Navajo the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho people
subtype: Hupa the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa people
subtype: Mattole the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole people
subtype: Chippewyan__Chipewyan__Chippewaian the language spoken by the Chipewyan people
subtype: Muskhogean_language__Muskhogean__Muskogean__Muskogean_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States
subtype: Alabama.Muskhogean_language__alabama the Muskhogean language of the Alabama people
subtype: Chickasaw the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw people
subtype: Chahta__Choctaw the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw people
subtype: Hitchiti the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti people
subtype: Koasati the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati people
subtype: Muskogee the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee people
subtype: Seminole the Muskhogean language of the Seminole people
subtype: Na-Dene a family of North American Indian languages
subtype: Haida the Na-Dene language of the Haida people
subtype: Tlingit the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit people
subtype: Mosan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia
subtype: Chemakuan a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington
subtype: Chemakum a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum people
subtype: Salishan__Salish a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada
subtype: Skagit a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit people
subtype: Wakashan_language__Wakashan a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington
subtype: Kwakiutl a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl people
subtype: Nootka a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka people
subtype: Caddoan__Caddo__Caddoan_language a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the midwest by Caddo peoples
subtype: Arikara__Aricara the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara people
subtype: Pawnee the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people
subtype: Wichita the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita people
subtype: Iroquoian_language__Iroquoian__Iroquois a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois peoples
subtype: Cherokee the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
subtype: Cayuga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga people
subtype: Mohawk the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk people
subtype: Seneca the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people
subtype: Oneida the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida people
subtype: Onondaga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga people
subtype: Tuscarora the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora people
subtype: Quechuan__Quechua__Quechuan_language__Kechua__Kechuan the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
subtype: Maracan_language__Maraco the language spoken by the Maraco people
subtype: Tupi-Guarani_language__Tupi-Guarani a family of South American Indian languages
subtype: Guarani the language spoken by the Guarani people of Paraguay and Bolivia
subtype: Tupi the language spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil and Paraguay
subtype: Arawak__Arawakan a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America
subtype: Carib__Caribbean_language the family of languages spoken by the Carib people
subtype: Uto-Aztecan_language__Uto-Aztecan a family of American Indian languages
subtype: Shoshonean_language__Shoshonean__Shoshonian__Shoshonian_language a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States
subtype: Shoshone the language spoken by the Shoshone people (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)
subtype: Comanche the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche people
subtype: Hopi the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi people
subtype: Paiute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute people
subtype: Ute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Ute people
subtype: Pima the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima people
subtype: Aztecan the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec people
subtype: Nahuatl the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl people
subtype: Cahita the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita people
subtype: Tatahumara the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara people
subtype: Mayan_language__Maya__Mayan a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples
subtype: Kekchi a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi people
subtype: Mam a Mayan language spoken by the Mam people
subtype: Yucatec__Yucateco a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec people
subtype: Quiche the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche people
subtype: Cakchiquel the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel people
subtype: Siouan_language__Siouan a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux
subtype: Biloxi the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi people
subtype: Catawba the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba people
subtype: Chiwere the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri people
subtype: Iowa.Chiwere__iowa__Ioway a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa people
subtype: Missouri.Chiwere__missouri a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri people
subtype: Oto__oto__Otoe a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto people
subtype: Crow a Siouan language spoken by the Crow people
subtype: Dakota the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people
subtype: Dhegiha a branch of the Siouan languages
subtype: Kansa__Kansas the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa people
subtype: Omaha the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha people
subtype: Osage the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage people
subtype: Ponca__Ponka the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca people
subtype: Quapaw the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw people
subtype: Hidatsa__Gros_Ventre a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa people
subtype: Hunkpapa a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa people
subtype: Ofo a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo people
subtype: Oglala__Ogalala a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala people
subtype: Santee the Siouan language spoken by the Santee people
subtype: Tutelo the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo people
subtype: Winnebago the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago people
subtype: Tanoan_language__Tanoan a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States
subtype: Kiowa the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people
subtype: Hoka__Hokan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California
subtype: Chimariko the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko people
subtype: Esselen the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen people
subtype: Kulanapan a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: Pomo the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo
subtype: Quoratean a group of languages of the Hokan family
subtype: Karok the Quoratean language of the Karok people
subtype: Shastan a group of languages of the Hokan family in California
subtype: Achomawi the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi people
subtype: Atsugewi the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi people
subtype: Shasta the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta people
subtype: Yuman a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico
subtype: Akwa'ala the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala people
subtype: Cochimi the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi people
subtype: Cocopa__Cocopah the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa people
subtype: Diegueno the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno people
subtype: Havasupai the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai people
subtype: Kamia the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia people
subtype: Kiliwa__Kiliwi the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa people
subtype: Maricopa the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma peoples
subtype: Mohave__Mojave the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave people
subtype: Walapai__Hualapai__Hualpai the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai people
subtype: Yavapai the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai people
subtype: Yuma the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma people
subtype: Yanan a language group of the Hokan family
subtype: Yahi the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi people
subtype: Yana the Yanan language spoken by the Yana people
subtype: Penutian a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California
subtype: Copehan a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river
subtype: Patwin a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin people
subtype: Wintun a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun people
subtype: Costanoan a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan people
subtype: Mariposan__Yokuts a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts people in the San Joaquin valley
subtype: Moquelumnan__Miwok a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok people
subtype: Pujunan__Maidu a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu people
subtype: Chinookan__Chinook a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook people
subtype: Kalapooian__Kalapuyan a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya people
subtype: Kusan a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan people
subtype: Shahaptian__Sahaptin a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian people
subtype: Nez_Perce the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce people
subtype: Takilman__Takelma a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma people
subtype: Tsimshian a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian people
subtype: Eskimo-Aleut_language__Eskimo-Aleut the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut
subtype: Eskimo__Esquimau the language spoken by the Eskimo people
subtype: Aleut the language spoken by the Aleut people
subtype: Sino-Tibetan_language__Sino-Tibetan the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia (in China and Tibet and Burma and Thai)
subtype: Sinitic_language__Sinitic a group of Sino-Tibetan languages
subtype: Chinese any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China (regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
subtype: Mandarin_Chinese__Mandarin__Mandarin_dialect__Beijing_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
subtype: Wu_dialect__Wu__Shanghai_dialect a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta
subtype: Yue_dialect__Yue__Cantonese__Cantonese_dialect the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China
subtype: Min_dialect__Min__Fukien__Fukkianese__Hokkianese__Amoy__Taiwanese any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province
subtype: Hakka_dialect__Hakka a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated
subtype: Tibeto-Burman_language__Tibeto-Burman a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay peninsula
subtype: Qiang__Qiangic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan
subtype: Bai__Baic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan
subtype: Himalayish the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim
subtype: Tibetan Himalayish language spoken in Tibet
subtype: Newari Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
subtype: Kamarupan the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma
subtype: Kuki-Chin__Kuki__Chin Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India
subtype: Naga Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma
subtype: Mikir-Meithei Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India
subtype: Bodo-Garo__Barish Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India
subtype: Miri__Mirish__Abor__Dafla little known Kamarupan languages
subtype: Karen__Karenic the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands
subtype: Lolo-Burmese__Burmese-Yi the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan
subtype: Burmese the official language of Burma
subtype: Loloish languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas
subtype: Lisu a Loloish language
subtype: Hani__Akha a Loloish language
subtype: Lahu a Loloish language
subtype: Lolo__Yi a Loloish language
subtype: Kachin__Kachinic Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India
subtype: Jinghpo__Jinghpaw__Chingpo a Kachinic language
subtype: Kadai_language__Kadai__Kam-Tai a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia
subtype: Kam-Sui a group of Kadai languages
subtype: Tai the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages
subtype: White_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Red_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Dam__Black_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Nuea__Chinese_Shan__Dehong_Dai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Long__Shan a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Lue__Xishuangbanna_Dai__xishuangbannadai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tai_Yuan__Kam_Muang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Khuen a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Lao the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos
subtype: Khamti a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Southern_Tai a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Nung a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Tho a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Central_Thai__Thai__Siamese a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Bouyei__Buyi a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Zhuang a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Yay a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Saek a branch of the Tai languages
subtype: Austro-Asiatic__Munda-Mon-Khmer a family of languages spoken in southn and southeastern Asia
subtype: Munda a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India
subtype: Mon-Khmer a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages
subtype: Annamite__Vietnamese__Annamese the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam
subtype: Khmer the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia
subtype: Austronesian_language__Austronesian the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
subtype: Malayo-Polynesian the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific
subtype: Oceanic__Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Tahitian the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti
subtype: Maori the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand
subtype: Hawaiian the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii
subtype: Fijian the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji
subtype: Western_Malayo-Polynesian a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Malay a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Bahasa_Malaysia__Malaysian__Bahasa_Melayu__Bahasa_Kebangsaan the Malay language spoken in Malaysia
subtype: Bahasa_Indonesia__Indonesian__Bahasa the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia
subtype: Javanese the Indonesian language spoken on Java
subtype: Sundanese the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
subtype: Balinese the Indonesian language of the people of Bali
subtype: Philippine__Filipino official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages
subtype: Tagalog language of the Tagalog people on which Filipino is based
subtype: Cebuano__Cebuan language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines
subtype: Aboriginal_Australian__Australian the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines
subtype: Dyirbal__Jirrbal a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: Walbiri__Warlpiri a language of Australian aborigines
subtype: Formosan the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa
subtype: Tayalic__Atayalic a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa
subtype: Tsouic a Formosan language
subtype: Paiwanic a Formosan language
subtype: Papuan_language__Papuan any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages
subtype: Khoisan_language__Khoisan a family of languages spoken in southern Africa
subtype: Khoikhoin__Khoikhoi__Hottentot any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa
subtype: Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
subtype: Proto-Indo_European__PIE a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
subtype: Albanian the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
subtype: Gheg_dialect__Gheg the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
subtype: Tosk_dialect__Tosk the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
subtype: Armenian_language__Armenian the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
subtype: Illyrian a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
subtype: Thraco-Phrygian an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
subtype: Thracian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
subtype: Phrygian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
subtype: Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language a branch of the Indo European family of language
subtype: Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
subtype: Russian.Slavic_language__russian the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
subtype: Belarusian__Byelorussian the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
subtype: Ukrainian the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
subtype: Polish the Slavic language of Poland
subtype: Slovak the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
subtype: Czech the Slavic language of the Czech people
subtype: Slovene the Slavic language of the Slovene people
subtype: Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
subtype: Lusatian__Sorbian aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
subtype: Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
subtype: Bulgarian a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
subtype: Baltic_language__Baltic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
subtype: Old_Prussian a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Lithuanian the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
subtype: Lettish__Latvian the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
subtype: Germanic_language__Germanic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
subtype: West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic a branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: English_language__English an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
subtype: American_English__American_language__American the English language as used in the United States
subtype: Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
subtype: cockney the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
subtype: King's_English standard southern British English
subtype: Middle_English English from about 1100 to 1450
subtype: East_Midland the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
subtype: West_Midland a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Northern a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
subtype: Kentish a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Southwestern__West_Saxon a dialect of Middle English
subtype: Modern_English English since about 1450
subtype: Old_English__Anglo-Saxon English prior to about 1100
subtype: West_Saxon a literary dialect of Old English
subtype: Anglian one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Jutish__Kentish one of the major dialects of Old English
subtype: Oxford_English the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
subtype: Scottish__Scots__Scots_English the dialect of English used in Scotland
subtype: Scottish_Lallans__Lallans a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
subtype: German_language__German__High_German the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
subtype: Old_High_German High German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_High_German High German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Yiddish a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
subtype: Pennsylvania_Dutch a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
subtype: Low_German__Plattdeutsch a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
subtype: Old_Saxon Low German prior to 1200
subtype: Middle_Low_German Low German from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Dutch the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
subtype: Flemish_dialect__Flemish one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
subtype: Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
subtype: Frisian a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
subtype: Old_Frisian the Frisian language until the 16th century
subtype: Proto-Norse the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
subtype: Old_Norse the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
subtype: Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
subtype: Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
subtype: Danish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
subtype: Icelandic a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
subtype: Norwegian a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
subtype: Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
subtype: New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
subtype: Swedish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
subtype: Faroese__Faeroese a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
subtype: East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
subtype: Gothic extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
subtype: Celtic_language__Celtic a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
subtype: Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
subtype: Irish_Gaelic__Irish the Celtic language of Ireland
subtype: Old_Irish Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
subtype: Middle_Irish Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
subtype: Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic the Gaelic language of Scotland
subtype: Manx the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
subtype: Brythonic__Brittanic a southern group of Celtic languages
subtype: Welsh a Celtic language of Wales
subtype: Cornish.Brythonic__cornish a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
subtype: Breton a Celtic language of Brittany
subtype: Italic_language__Italic a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
subtype: Osco-Umbrian a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
subtype: Umbrian an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Oscan an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
subtype: Sabellian an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
subtype: Latin any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
subtype: Old_Latin the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
subtype: classical_Latin the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
subtype: Low_Latin any dialect of Latin other than the classical
subtype: Vulgar_Latin nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
subtype: Medieval_Latin Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
subtype: Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
subtype: Neo-Latin__New_Latin Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
subtype: Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language the group of languages derived from Latin
subtype: bodice_ripper a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
subtype: Italian.Romance_language__italian the Romance language spoken in Italy
subtype: Old_Italian the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
subtype: Tuscan a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
subtype: French the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
subtype: Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
subtype: Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
subtype: Provencal__Occitan__occitan the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
subtype: Old_French the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
subtype: Norman-French__Old_North_French the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
subtype: Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
subtype: Canadian_French__canadianfrench the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
subtype: Walloon dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
subtype: Portuguese the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
subtype: Galician the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
subtype: Spanish the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
subtype: Mexican_Spanish the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
subtype: Catalan the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
subtype: Rumanian an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
subtype: Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
subtype: Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian a dialect of Tocharian
subtype: Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
subtype: Indic__Indo-Aryan a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
subtype: Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
subtype: Sindhi the Indic language of the Sindhi people
subtype: Romany__Gypsy the Indic language of the Gypsies
subtype: Urdu the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
subtype: Hindi the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
subtype: Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
subtype: Bihari the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
subtype: Magadhan a subfamily of Indic languages
subtype: Asamiya__Assamese the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
subtype: Bengali a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
subtype: Oriya a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
subtype: Marathi__Mahratti an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
subtype: Gujarati__Gujerati the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
subtype: Punjabi__Panjabi the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
subtype: Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
subtype: Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
subtype: Shina a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
subtype: Khowar a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
subtype: Kafiri a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
subtype: Kashmiri the official state language of Kashmir
subtype: Nepali the official state language of Nepal
subtype: Iranian_language__Iranian the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
subtype: Zend__Avestan an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Gathic an ancient Iranian language
subtype: Persian__Farsi the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
subtype: Dari_Persian__Dari an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
subtype: Tajiki an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
subtype: Kurdish an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
subtype: Balochi__Baluchi an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
subtype: Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
subtype: Ossete a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
subtype: Scythian the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
subtype: Anatolian_language__Anatolian an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
subtype: Hittite the principal language of the Anatolian group
subtype: Lycian an Anatolian language
subtype: Luwian__Luvian an Anatolian language
subtype: Lydian an Anatolian language
subtype: Palaic an Anatolian language
subtype: Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
subtype: Modern_Greek the Greek language as spoken and written today
subtype: Romaic__Demotic the modern Greek vernacular
subtype: Katharevusa literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
subtype: Late_Greek the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
subtype: Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
subtype: Koine a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
subtype: Ancient_Greek the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
subtype: Attic__Classical_Greek the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
subtype: Aeolic__Eolic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
subtype: Arcadic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
subtype: Doric the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
subtype: Ionic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
subtype: Ural-Altaic a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)
subtype: Altaic_language__Altaic a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
subtype: Turkic__Turki__Turko-Tatar__Turkic_language a subfamily of Altaic languages
subtype: Turkish a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
subtype: Turkmen__Turkoman__Turcoman the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman people
subtype: Azerbaijani the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani people
subtype: Kazak__Kazakh the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
subtype: Tatar the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains
subtype: Uzbek__Uzbeg__Uzbak__Usbek__Usbeg the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek people
subtype: Uigur__Uighur the Turkic language spoken by the Uigur people
subtype: Yakut the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people
subtype: Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Khirghiz the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz people
subtype: Karakalpak the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people
subtype: Chuvash the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash people
subtype: Chagatai__Jagatai__Jaghatai__Eastern_Turki a literary language of Chinese Turkestan (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)
subtype: Tungusic_language__Tungusic a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas
subtype: Tunguz__Tungus__Evenki__Ewenki the Tungusic language of the Evenki people in eastern Siberia
subtype: Manchu the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
subtype: Mongolian__Mongolic__Mongolic_language a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia
subtype: Khalkha__Khalka__Kalka the language of the Khalkha people that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic
subtype: Korean.Altaic_language__korean the Altaic language spoken by the Korean people
subtype: Japanese the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people
subtype: Ryukyuan the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands
subtype: Uralic_language__Uralic a family of Ural-Altaic languages
subtype: Finno-Ugric__Finno-Ugrian a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)
subtype: Fennic__Finnic__Non-Ugric one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)
subtype: Permic a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals
subtype: Udmurt__Votyak the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak people
subtype: Zyrian__Komi the Finnic language spoken by the Komi people
subtype: Volgaic a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river
subtype: Cheremis__Cheremiss__Mari the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis people
subtype: Mordva__Mordvin__Mordvinian the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvin people
subtype: Baltic-Finnic a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian
subtype: Livonian the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia
subtype: Estonian__Esthonian the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages
subtype: Karelian__Carelian a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia
subtype: Ludian a Baltic-Finnic language
subtype: Finnish__Suomi the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages
subtype: Veps__Vepse__Vepsian a Finnic language spoken by the Veps people
subtype: Ingrian a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian people
subtype: Ugric__Ugrian one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia
subtype: Hungarian__Magyar the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages
subtype: Khanty__Ostyak a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak people
subtype: Mansi__Vogul the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul people
subtype: Lappic__Lappish any of the languages spoken by the Lapp people and generally assumed to be Uralic languages
subtype: Sami__Lapp the language of the nomadic Lapp people in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula
subtype: Samoyedic__Samoyed the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed people in northwestern Siberia
subtype: Nenets__Nentsi__Nentsy__Yurak-Samoyed a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed people of northern Siberia
subtype: Enets__Entsi__Entsy__Yenisei__Yenisei-Samoyed__Yeniseian the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian people
subtype: Nganasan the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan people
subtype: Selkup__Ostyak-Samoyed the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed people
subtype: Basque the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language
subtype: Elamitic__Elamite__Susian an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
subtype: Kassite__Cassite an ancient language spoken by the Kassite people
subtype: Caucasian_language__Caucasian a number of language spoken in the Caucasus that have no known affiliations to languages spoken elsewhere
subtype: Georgian.Caucasian_language__georgian a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
subtype: Circassian a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian people
subtype: Abkhazian__Abkhasian a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz people
subtype: Ubykh a virtually extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey
subtype: Dravidian_language__Dravidian__Dravidic a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka
subtype: South_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India
subtype: Irula a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India
subtype: Kodagu a Dravidian language spoken by the Kodagu people
subtype: Kota__Kotar a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota people
subtype: Toda the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda people in southern India
subtype: Kannada__Kanarese a Dravidian language spoken in southern India
subtype: Badaga the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga people
subtype: Tulu a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu people
subtype: Malayalam a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India
subtype: Tamil the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka
subtype: South-Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India
subtype: Telugu a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu people in southeastern India
subtype: Savara a Dravidian language spoke by the Savara people in southeastern India (north of Madras)
subtype: Gondi a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond people in south central India
subtype: Pengo a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Manda a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Kui the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui people in southeastern India
subtype: Kuvi a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India
subtype: Central_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India
subtype: Kolami the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam people in central India
subtype: Naiki a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Parji a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Ollari a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
subtype: Gadaba the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba people
subtype: North_Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India
subtype: Kurux a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India
subtype: Malto the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto people
subtype: Brahui an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in Pakistan
subtype: Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
subtype: Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
subtype: West_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
subtype: Hausa__Haussa the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
subtype: Bole__Bolanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: Angas a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
subtype: Ron__Bokkos__Daffo a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Bade a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Warji a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Zaar__Sayanci a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
subtype: Biu-Mandara a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
subtype: Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu a three-tone Chadic language
subtype: Bura__Pabir a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Higi__Kapsiki a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Mandara__Wandala a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
subtype: Matakam__Mafa a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Sukur a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
subtype: Daba__Kola__Musgoi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Bata a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Kotoko a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: Gidar a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
subtype: East_Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
subtype: Somrai__Sibine a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Nancere a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Kera a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Dangla__Dangaleat a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
subtype: Mokulu a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Sokoro a Chadic language spoken in Chad
subtype: Masa an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
subtype: Semitic a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
subtype: Akkadian an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
subtype: Assyrian an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
subtype: Amharic__Ethiopian_language the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
subtype: Arabic_language__Arabic the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
subtype: Aramaic an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
subtype: Biblical_Aramaic the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
subtype: Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic a group of Semitic languages
subtype: Hebrew the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
subtype: Modern_Hebrew Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
subtype: Canaanite the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
subtype: Phoenician the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
subtype: Punic the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
subtype: Ugaritic an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
subtype: Hamitic_language__Hamitic a group of North African languages related to Semitic
subtype: Egyptian the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
subtype: Coptic the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
subtype: Berber a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
subtype: Tuareg the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
subtype: Cushitic a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
subtype: Somali the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
subtype: Omotic a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
subtype: Niger-Kordofanian_language__Niger-Kordofanian the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
subtype: Kordofanian a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
subtype: Niger-Congo a family of African language spoken in west Africa
subtype: Sango a trade language widely used in Chad
subtype: Bantoid_language__Bantu a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
subtype: Chichewa the Bantu language of the Chewa people of east central Africa
subtype: ChiMwini a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
subtype: Chishona a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
subtype: Fang a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
subtype: Gikuyu a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
subtype: Giriama a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
subtype: Kamba a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people in Kenya
subtype: Kichaga__Chaga__Chagga a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania
subtype: Kinyarwanda a Bantu language
subtype: Kiswahili a Bantu language
subtype: Kongo the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
subtype: Luba a Bantu language spoken in southern Zaire
subtype: LuGanda the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
subtype: Luyia a Bantu language
subtype: Mashi a Bantu language
subtype: Mwera a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
subtype: Nguni a group of southern Bantu languages
subtype: Ndebele__Matabele a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
subtype: Swazi a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: Xhosa a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
subtype: Zulu a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
subtype: Nyamwezi a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
subtype: Pokomo a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
subtype: Sotho any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho people in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
subtype: Sesotho__Basuto the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
subtype: Setswana__Tswana__Sechuana the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana people in Botswana
subtype: Umbundu a Bantu language spoken in Angola
subtype: Swahili the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
subtype: Tonga the language of the Tonga people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
subtype: Gur__Voltaic a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
subtype: West_African a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
subtype: Fula__Fulah__Fulani a family of languages of the Fula people of west Africa in the sub-Sahara regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African Niger-Congo languages
subtype: Serer a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
subtype: Wolof the West AFrican language of the Wolof people in Senegal
subtype: Mande a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
subtype: Kwa a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
subtype: Aku__Yoruba a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba people in southwestern Nigeria
subtype: Akan a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
subtype: Ewe a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe people in Ghana and Togo and Benin
subtype: Nilo-Saharan_language__Nilo-Saharan a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
subtype: Chari-Nile a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
subtype: Nilotic_language__Nilotic a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
subtype: Dinka a Nilotic language
subtype: Luo a Nilotic language
subtype: Masai a Nilotic language
subtype: Saharan a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
subtype: Songhai a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger
subtype: linguistic_string__string__string_of_words__word_string a linear sequence of words as spoken or written
subtype: sentence a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences"
subtype: complex_sentence__complexsentence a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
subtype: loose_sentence__loosesentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows
subtype: periodic_sentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause
subtype: compound_sentence a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses
subtype: declarative_sentence__declarativesentence__declaratory_sentence__declaratorysentence a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration
subtype: run-on_sentence an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction
subtype: topic_sentence__topicsentence a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph
subtype: interrogative__question__interrogation__interrogative_sentence__interrogativesentence a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations"
subtype: cross-question__crossquestion a question asked in cross-examination
subtype: leading_question__leadingquestion a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination
subtype: yes-no_question a question that can be answered by yes or no
subtype: syntagma__syntagm a syntactic string that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit
subtype: grammatical_constituent__grammaticalconstituent__constituent a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
subtype: subject.grammatical_constituent (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
subtype: object a grammatical constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb"
subtype: prepositional_object__prepositionalobject__object_of_a_preposition the object governed by a preposition
subtype: direct_object__object_of_the_verb the object that receives the direct action of the verb
subtype: indirect_object the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb
subtype: retained_object an object in a passive construction
subtype: ablative_absolute a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier
subtype: immediate_constituent__immediateconstituent a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate
subtype: grammatical_construction__grammaticalconstruction__construction__expression a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner"
subtype: clause (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
subtype: main_clause__independent_clause__independentclause a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
subtype: subordinate_clause__subordinateclause__dependent_clause__dependentclause a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb
subtype: restrictive_clause__restrictiveclause a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: nonrestrictive_clause__descriptive_clause__descriptiveclause a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
subtype: relative_clause a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'"
subtype: complement a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
subtype: involution a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction
subtype: phrase an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not containing a finite verb
subtype: noun_phrase (linguistics) a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
subtype: verb_phrase__predicate (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements
subtype: prepositional_phrase__prepositionalphrase a phrase beginning with a preposition
subtype: response.phrase a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
subtype: advice_and_consent a legal phrase in the US Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making
subtype: catchphrase__catch_phrase__catchphrase a phrase that has become a catchword
subtype: predicator an expression that predicates
subtype: misconstruction an ungrammatical constituent
subtype: term.grammatical_constituent one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
subtype: subject.term (logic) the first term of a proposition
subtype: predicate (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates"
subtype: grammatical_referent__grammaticalreferent__referent the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate
subtype: relatum a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition
subtype: major_term__majorterm the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion
subtype: minor_term__minorterm the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion
subtype: middle_term the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion
subtype: barrage__outpouring__onslaught the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
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