sumo#content_bearing_object__contentbearingobject  a self_connected_object that expresses content; this content may be a sumo#proposition, e.g., when the content_bearing_object is a sentence or text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an icon, a word or a phrase
  closed_exclusion:  pm#spatial_object
  supertype:  pm#description_medium (pm)  sumo#corpuscular_object
  subtype:  sumo#icon  content bearing objects that are not languages and which have some sort of similarity with the objects that they represent, e.g., symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc
  subtype:  sumo#linguistic_expression  content bearing objects which are language-related, i.e. both languages and the elements of languages, e.g., words
     subtype:  sumo#word
     subtype:  sumo#sentence  syntactically well-formed formula of a language; it includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a proposition
        subtype:  sumo#formula  syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language
     subtype:  sumo#language  system of signs for expressing thought; the system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people
        subtype:  sumo#animal_language  language used by animals other than humans
        subtype:  pm#non_animal_language
           subtype:  sumo#human_language__humanlanguage  language used by humans
              subtype:  sumo#natural_language__naturallanguage
              subtype:  sumo#constructed_language__constructedlanguage
              subtype:  sumo#spoken_human_language
              subtype:  sumo#manual_human_language
           subtype:  sumo#artificial_language  designed language
              subtype:  sumo#constructed_language__constructedlanguage
              subtype:  sumo#computer_language  languages designed for and interpreted by a computer
        subtype:  #linguistic_communication__language  a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written"
           subtype:  #words.linguistic_communication__word  language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words"
           subtype:  #source_language  a language that is to be translated into another language
              subtype:  #application-oriented_language__problem-oriented_language  a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user
                 subtype:  #high-level_language  a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run
                 subtype:  #job-control_language__jobcontrollanguage  a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system
              subtype:  #command_language__commandlanguage__query_language__querylanguage__search_language  a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed
           subtype:  #object_language__target_language  the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated
           subtype:  #sign_language__signing  language expressed by visible hand gestures
              subtype:  #fingerspelling  an alphabet of manual signs
              subtype:  #ASL__American_sign_language  the sign language used in the United States
           subtype:  #artificial_language  a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose
              subtype:  #Antido  an artificial language related to Ido
              subtype:  #Arulo  an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language
              subtype:  #Basic_English  a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
              subtype:  #Blaia_Zimondal  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Esperantido  an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido
              subtype:  #Esperanto  an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages
              subtype:  #Europan  an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language
              subtype:  #Idiom_Neutral  an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots
              subtype:  #Interlingua  an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance language
              subtype:  #Ido  an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto
              subtype:  #Latinesce  an artificial language based on Latin
              subtype:  #Latino  an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages
                 subtype:  #Latino_sine_flexione  Latino without inflectional morphology
              subtype:  #Lingualumina  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Lingvo_Kosmopolita  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Monario  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Nov-Esperanto  an artificial language based on Esperanto
              subtype:  #Novial  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Nov-Latin  an artificial language based on Latin
              subtype:  #Occidental.artificial_language__occidental  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Optez  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Pasigraphy  an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas
              subtype:  #Ro  an artificial language for international use that rejects rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas
              subtype:  #Romanal  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Solresol  an artificial language
              subtype:  #Volapuk  one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots
              subtype:  #programming_language__programminglanguage__programing_language  (computer science) a language designed for programming computers
                 subtype:  #algorithmic_language__algorithmiclanguage  an artificial language designed to express algorithms
                    subtype:  #algebraic_language__algebraiclanguage  an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions
                       subtype:  #ALGOL  ALGOrithmic Language; a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms
                       subtype:  #FORTRAN  FORmula TRANslation; high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes
                    subtype:  pm#procedural_language
                       subtype:  pm#procedural_compiled_language
                          subtype:  #Java_language__Java  a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
                             subtype:  pm#Java_1.0
                             subtype:  pm#Java_2.0
                          subtype:  #COBOL  COmmon Business Oriented Language
                          subtype:  #C  a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
                          subtype:  #Pascal  a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach
                       subtype:  pm#procedural_scripting_language
                          subtype:  pm#procedural_Web-scripting_language
                             subtype:  pm#Javascript
                                subtype:  pm#Javascript_1.0
                                subtype:  pm#Javascript_2.0
                          subtype:  #LISP__list-processing_language  a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists
                          subtype:  #BASIC  a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code); no longer in general use
                    subtype:  is#C++
                    subtype:  is#ADA
                 subtype:  #assembly_language  a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language
                 subtype:  #computer_language__computer-oriented_language__machine_language__machinelanguage__machine-oriented_language  a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers
                 subtype:  #multidimensional_language  a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension
                    subtype:  #decision_table  a table or matrix of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each
                    subtype:  #flow_chart__flow_diagram  a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program
                    subtype:  #logic_diagram__logicdiagram__logical_diagram__logicaldiagram  a graphical representation of a program using formal logic
                 subtype:  #target_language__object_language  a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated
                 subtype:  #object-oriented_programming_language__object-oriented_programing_language  (computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C"
                    subtype:  #Java_language__Java  a simple platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine
                 subtype:  #one-dimensional_language__onedimensionallanguage  a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters
                 subtype:  #stratified_language  a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage
                 subtype:  #unstratified_language  a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage
                 subtype:  #Prolog__logic_programing__logicprograming__logic_programming__logicprogramming  a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing
                 subtype:  pm#declarative_language__declarativelanguage
                    subtype:  pm#rule_based_language
                       subtype:  pm#purely_declarative_rule_based_language  rule-based language without implicit instructions, e.g., the order between the rules is not important
                    subtype:  pm#file_formatting_language
                    subtype:  pm#declarative_Web-scripting_language
                       subtype:  pm#style_sheet_language__stylesheetlanguage
                 subtype:  pm#Web-scripting_language__language_interpreted_by_Web_browsers
                    subtype:  pm#procedural_Web-scripting_language
                    subtype:  pm#declarative_Web-scripting_language
              subtype:  #pidgin  an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages
                 subtype:  #Chinook_Jargon__Oregon_Jargon  a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America
           subtype:  #metalanguage  a language that can be used to describe languages
              subtype:  #syntax_language__syntaxlanguage  a language used to describe the syntax of another language
           subtype:  #natural_language__naturallanguage__tongue  a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language
              subtype:  #interlanguage__interlingua  a language used for international communication
                 subtype:  #lingua_franca__koine  a common language used by speakers of different languages
              subtype:  #mother_tongue__maternal_language__first_language__firstlanguage  one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next
              subtype:  #tone_language__tonal_language__tonallanguage  a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings
                 subtype:  #contour_language__contourlanguage  a tone language that uses pitch changes
                 subtype:  #register_language  a tone language that uses different voice registers
              subtype:  #creole  a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages
              subtype:  #Amerind__Amerindian_language__American-Indian_language__American_Indian__Indian  any of the languages spoken by Amerindians
                 subtype:  #Algonquian_language__Algonquian__Algonquin  family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains
                    subtype:  #Abnaki  the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot peoples
                    subtype:  #Algonkian__Algonkin  the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian people
                    subtype:  #Arapaho__Arapahoe  the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho people
                    subtype:  #Blackfoot  any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot people
                    subtype:  #Cheyenne  the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne people
                    subtype:  #Cree  the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree people
                    subtype:  #Delaware.Algonquian_language__delaware  the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware people
                    subtype:  #Fox  the Algonquian language of the Fox people
                    subtype:  #Illinois.Algonquian_language__illinoi  the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami peoples
                    subtype:  #Kickapoo  the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo people
                    subtype:  #Maleseet__Malecite  the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody peoples
                    subtype:  #Massachuset__Massachusetts  the Algonquian language of the Massachuset people
                    subtype:  #Menomini  the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini people
                    subtype:  #Micmac  the Algonquian language of the Micmac people
                    subtype:  #Mohican__Mahican  the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican people
                    subtype:  #Nanticoke  the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy people
                    subtype:  #Ojibwa__Ojibway__Chippewa  the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa people
                    subtype:  #Pamlico  the Algonquian language of the Pamlico people
                    subtype:  #Potawatomi  the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi people
                    subtype:  #Powhatan  the Algonquian language of the Powhatan people
                    subtype:  #Shawnee  the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee people
                 subtype:  #Atakapan__Atakapa__Attacapa__Attacapan  a language spoken by the Atakapa people of the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas
                 subtype:  #Athapaskan_language__Athapaskan__Athapascan__Athabaskan__Athabascan  a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir)
                    subtype:  #Apache.Athapaskan_language__apache  the language of the Apache people
                       subtype:  #Chiricahua_Apache  an Apache language
                       subtype:  #San_Carlos_Apache  an Apache language
                    subtype:  #Navaho__Navajo  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho people
                    subtype:  #Hupa  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa people
                    subtype:  #Mattole  the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole people
                    subtype:  #Chippewyan__Chipewyan__Chippewaian  the language spoken by the Chipewyan people
                 subtype:  #Muskhogean_language__Muskhogean__Muskogean__Muskogean_language  a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States
                    subtype:  #Alabama.Muskhogean_language__alabama  the Muskhogean language of the Alabama people
                    subtype:  #Chickasaw  the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw people
                    subtype:  #Chahta__Choctaw  the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw people
                    subtype:  #Hitchiti  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti people
                    subtype:  #Koasati  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati people
                    subtype:  #Muskogee  the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee people
                    subtype:  #Seminole  the Muskhogean language of the Seminole people
                 subtype:  #Na-Dene  a family of North American Indian languages
                    subtype:  #Haida  the Na-Dene language of the Haida people
                    subtype:  #Tlingit  the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit people
                 subtype:  #Mosan  a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia
                    subtype:  #Chemakuan  a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington
                       subtype:  #Chemakum  a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum people
                    subtype:  #Salishan__Salish  a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada
                       subtype:  #Skagit  a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit people
                    subtype:  #Wakashan_language__Wakashan  a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington
                       subtype:  #Kwakiutl  a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl people
                       subtype:  #Nootka  a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka people
                 subtype:  #Caddoan__Caddo__Caddoan_language  a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the midwest by Caddo peoples
                    subtype:  #Arikara__Aricara  the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara people
                    subtype:  #Pawnee  the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people
                    subtype:  #Wichita  the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita people
                 subtype:  #Iroquoian_language__Iroquoian__Iroquois  a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois peoples
                    subtype:  #Cherokee  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people
                    subtype:  #Cayuga  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga people
                    subtype:  #Mohawk  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk people
                    subtype:  #Seneca  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people
                    subtype:  #Oneida  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida people
                    subtype:  #Onondaga  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga people
                    subtype:  #Tuscarora  the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora people
                 subtype:  #Quechuan__Quechua__Quechuan_language__Kechua__Kechuan  the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
                 subtype:  #Maracan_language__Maraco  the language spoken by the Maraco people
                 subtype:  #Tupi-Guarani_language__Tupi-Guarani  a family of South American Indian languages
                    subtype:  #Guarani  the language spoken by the Guarani people of Paraguay and Bolivia
                    subtype:  #Tupi  the language spoken by the Tupi people of Brazil and Paraguay
                 subtype:  #Arawak__Arawakan  a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America
                 subtype:  #Carib__Caribbean_language  the family of languages spoken by the Carib people
                 subtype:  #Uto-Aztecan_language__Uto-Aztecan  a family of American Indian languages
                    subtype:  #Shoshonean_language__Shoshonean__Shoshonian__Shoshonian_language  a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States
                       subtype:  #Shoshone  the language spoken by the Shoshone people (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family)
                       subtype:  #Comanche  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche people
                       subtype:  #Hopi  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi people
                       subtype:  #Paiute  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute people
                       subtype:  #Ute  the Shoshonean language spoken by the Ute people
                    subtype:  #Pima  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima people
                    subtype:  #Aztecan  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec people
                    subtype:  #Nahuatl  the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl people
                    subtype:  #Cahita  the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita people
                    subtype:  #Tatahumara  the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara people
                 subtype:  #Mayan_language__Maya__Mayan  a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayan peoples
                    subtype:  #Kekchi  a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi people
                    subtype:  #Mam  a Mayan language spoken by the Mam people
                    subtype:  #Yucatec__Yucateco  a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec people
                    subtype:  #Quiche  the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche people
                    subtype:  #Cakchiquel  the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel people
                 subtype:  #Siouan_language__Siouan  a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux
                    subtype:  #Biloxi  the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi people
                    subtype:  #Catawba  the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba people
                    subtype:  #Chiwere  the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri people
                       subtype:  #Iowa.Chiwere__iowa__Ioway  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa people
                       subtype:  #Missouri.Chiwere__missouri  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri people
                       subtype:  #Oto__oto__Otoe  a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto people
                    subtype:  #Crow  a Siouan language spoken by the Crow people
                    subtype:  #Dakota  the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota people
                    subtype:  #Dhegiha  a branch of the Siouan languages
                       subtype:  #Kansa__Kansas  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa people
                       subtype:  #Omaha  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha people
                       subtype:  #Osage  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage people
                       subtype:  #Ponca__Ponka  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca people
                       subtype:  #Quapaw  the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw people
                    subtype:  #Hidatsa__Gros_Ventre  a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa people
                    subtype:  #Hunkpapa  a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa people
                    subtype:  #Ofo  a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo people
                    subtype:  #Oglala__Ogalala  a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala people
                    subtype:  #Santee  the Siouan language spoken by the Santee people
                    subtype:  #Tutelo  the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo people
                    subtype:  #Winnebago  the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago people
                 subtype:  #Tanoan_language__Tanoan  a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States
                    subtype:  #Kiowa  the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa people
                 subtype:  #Hoka__Hokan  a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California
                    subtype:  #Chimariko  the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko people
                    subtype:  #Esselen  the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen people
                    subtype:  #Kulanapan  a group of languages of the Hokan family
                       subtype:  #Pomo  the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo
                    subtype:  #Quoratean  a group of languages of the Hokan family
                       subtype:  #Karok  the Quoratean language of the Karok people
                    subtype:  #Shastan  a group of languages of the Hokan family in California
                       subtype:  #Achomawi  the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi people
                       subtype:  #Atsugewi  the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi people
                       subtype:  #Shasta  the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta people
                    subtype:  #Yuman  a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico
                       subtype:  #Akwa'ala  the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala people
                       subtype:  #Cochimi  the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi people
                       subtype:  #Cocopa__Cocopah  the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa people
                       subtype:  #Diegueno  the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno people
                       subtype:  #Havasupai  the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai people
                       subtype:  #Kamia  the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia people
                       subtype:  #Kiliwa__Kiliwi  the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa people
                       subtype:  #Maricopa  the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma peoples
                       subtype:  #Mohave__Mojave  the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave people
                       subtype:  #Walapai__Hualapai__Hualpai  the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai people
                       subtype:  #Yavapai  the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai people
                       subtype:  #Yuma  the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma people
                    subtype:  #Yanan  a language group of the Hokan family
                       subtype:  #Yahi  the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi people
                       subtype:  #Yana  the Yanan language spoken by the Yana people
                 subtype:  #Penutian  a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California
                    subtype:  #Copehan  a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river
                       subtype:  #Patwin  a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin people
                       subtype:  #Wintun  a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun people
                    subtype:  #Costanoan  a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan people
                    subtype:  #Mariposan__Yokuts  a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts people in the San Joaquin valley
                    subtype:  #Moquelumnan__Miwok  a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok people
                    subtype:  #Pujunan__Maidu  a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu people
                    subtype:  #Chinookan__Chinook  a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook people
                    subtype:  #Kalapooian__Kalapuyan  a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya people
                    subtype:  #Kusan  a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan people
                    subtype:  #Shahaptian__Sahaptin  a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian people
                       subtype:  #Nez_Perce  the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce people
                    subtype:  #Takilman__Takelma  a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma people
                    subtype:  #Tsimshian  a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian people
              subtype:  #Eskimo-Aleut_language__Eskimo-Aleut  the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut
                 subtype:  #Eskimo__Esquimau  the language spoken by the Eskimo people
                 subtype:  #Aleut  the language spoken by the Aleut people
              subtype:  #Sino-Tibetan_language__Sino-Tibetan  the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia (in China and Tibet and Burma and Thai)
                 subtype:  #Sinitic_language__Sinitic  a group of Sino-Tibetan languages
                    subtype:  #Chinese  any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China (regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system)
                       subtype:  #Mandarin_Chinese__Mandarin__Mandarin_dialect__Beijing_dialect  the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China
                       subtype:  #Wu_dialect__Wu__Shanghai_dialect  a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta
                       subtype:  #Yue_dialect__Yue__Cantonese__Cantonese_dialect  the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China
                       subtype:  #Min_dialect__Min__Fukien__Fukkianese__Hokkianese__Amoy__Taiwanese  any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province
                       subtype:  #Hakka_dialect__Hakka  a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China; this form of Chinese is not well known outside China because few of the Hakka people have migrated
                 subtype:  #Tibeto-Burman_language__Tibeto-Burman  a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay peninsula
                    subtype:  #Qiang__Qiangic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan
                    subtype:  #Bai__Baic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan
                    subtype:  #Himalayish  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim
                       subtype:  #Tibetan  Himalayish language spoken in Tibet
                       subtype:  #Newari  Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal
                    subtype:  #Kamarupan  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma
                       subtype:  #Kuki-Chin__Kuki__Chin  Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India
                       subtype:  #Naga  Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma
                       subtype:  #Mikir-Meithei  Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India
                       subtype:  #Bodo-Garo__Barish  Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India
                       subtype:  #Miri__Mirish__Abor__Dafla  little known Kamarupan languages
                    subtype:  #Karen__Karenic  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands
                    subtype:  #Lolo-Burmese__Burmese-Yi  the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan
                       subtype:  #Burmese  the official language of Burma
                       subtype:  #Loloish  languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas
                          subtype:  #Lisu  a Loloish language
                          subtype:  #Hani__Akha  a Loloish language
                          subtype:  #Lahu  a Loloish language
                          subtype:  #Lolo__Yi  a Loloish language
                    subtype:  #Kachin__Kachinic  Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India
                       subtype:  #Jinghpo__Jinghpaw__Chingpo  a Kachinic language
                 subtype:  #Kadai_language__Kadai__Kam-Tai  a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia
                    subtype:  #Kam-Sui  a group of Kadai languages
                    subtype:  #Tai  the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages
                       subtype:  #White_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Red_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Tai_Dam__Black_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Tai_Nuea__Chinese_Shan__Dehong_Dai  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Tai_Long__Shan  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Tai_Lue__Xishuangbanna_Dai__xishuangbannadai  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Tai_Yuan__Kam_Muang  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Khuen  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Lao  the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos
                       subtype:  #Khamti  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Southern_Tai  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Tay  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Nung  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Tho  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Central_Thai__Thai__Siamese  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Bouyei__Buyi  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Zhuang  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Yay  a branch of the Tai languages
                       subtype:  #Saek  a branch of the Tai languages
              subtype:  #Austro-Asiatic__Munda-Mon-Khmer  a family of languages spoken in southn and southeastern Asia
                 subtype:  #Munda  a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India
                 subtype:  #Mon-Khmer  a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages
                    subtype:  #Annamite__Vietnamese__Annamese  the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam
                    subtype:  #Khmer  the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia
              subtype:  #Austronesian_language__Austronesian  the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia
                 subtype:  #Malayo-Polynesian  the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific
                    subtype:  #Oceanic__Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian  an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
                       subtype:  #Tahitian  the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti
                       subtype:  #Maori  the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori people in New Zealand
                       subtype:  #Hawaiian  the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii
                       subtype:  #Fijian  the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji
                    subtype:  #Western_Malayo-Polynesian  a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages
                       subtype:  #Malay  a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
                          subtype:  #Bahasa_Malaysia__Malaysian__Bahasa_Melayu__Bahasa_Kebangsaan  the Malay language spoken in Malaysia
                          subtype:  #Bahasa_Indonesia__Indonesian__Bahasa  the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia
                             subtype:  #Javanese  the Indonesian language spoken on Java
                             subtype:  #Sundanese  the Indonesian language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands
                             subtype:  #Balinese  the Indonesian language of the people of Bali
                       subtype:  #Philippine__Filipino  official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages
                          subtype:  #Tagalog  language of the Tagalog people on which Filipino is based
                          subtype:  #Cebuano__Cebuan  language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines
                 subtype:  #Aboriginal_Australian__Australian  the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines
                    subtype:  #Dyirbal__Jirrbal  a language of Australian aborigines
                    subtype:  #Walbiri__Warlpiri  a language of Australian aborigines
                 subtype:  #Formosan  the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa
                    subtype:  #Tayalic__Atayalic  a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa
                    subtype:  #Tsouic  a Formosan language
                    subtype:  #Paiwanic  a Formosan language
              subtype:  #Papuan_language__Papuan  any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages
              subtype:  #Khoisan_language__Khoisan  a family of languages spoken in southern Africa
                 subtype:  #Khoikhoin__Khoikhoi__Hottentot  any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa
              subtype:  #Indo-European_language__Indo-European__Indo-Hittite  the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
                 subtype:  #Proto-Indo_European__PIE  a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages
                 subtype:  #Albanian  the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania
                    subtype:  #Gheg_dialect__Gheg  the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia
                    subtype:  #Tosk_dialect__Tosk  the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy
                 subtype:  #Armenian_language__Armenian  the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia
                 subtype:  #Illyrian  a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast
                 subtype:  #Thraco-Phrygian  an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian
                    subtype:  #Thracian  a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages
                    subtype:  #Phrygian  a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions
                 subtype:  #Balto-Slavic_language__Balto-Slavic__Balto-Slavonic  a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages
                    subtype:  #Slavic_language__Slavic__Slavonic__Slavonic_language  a branch of the Indo European family of language
                       subtype:  #Old_Church_Slavonic__Old_Church_Slavic__Church_Slavic__Old_Bulgarian  the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th Century
                       subtype:  #Russian.Slavic_language__russian  the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia
                       subtype:  #Belarusian__Byelorussian  the Slavic language spoken in Belarus
                       subtype:  #Ukrainian  the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine
                       subtype:  #Polish  the Slavic language of Poland
                       subtype:  #Slovak  the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia
                       subtype:  #Czech  the Slavic language of the Czech people
                       subtype:  #Slovene  the Slavic language of the Slovene people
                       subtype:  #Serbo-Croat__Serbo-Croatian  the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet
                       subtype:  #Lusatian__Sorbian  aa slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany
                       subtype:  #Macedonian.Slavic_language__macedonian  the Slavic language of modern Macedonia
                       subtype:  #Bulgarian  a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria
                    subtype:  #Baltic_language__Baltic  a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European
                       subtype:  #Old_Prussian  a dead language of the non-German Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
                       subtype:  #Lithuanian  the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo European
                       subtype:  #Lettish__Latvian  the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European
                 subtype:  #Germanic_language__Germanic  a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic
                    subtype:  #West_Germanic_language__West_Germanic  a branch of the Germanic languages
                       subtype:  #English_language__English  an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the US and most of the Commonwealth countries
                          subtype:  #American_English__American_language__American  the English language as used in the United States
                             subtype:  #Black_English_Vernacular__Black_English__Ebonics  a nonstandard form of American English spoken by some American Black people
                          subtype:  #cockney  the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London
                          subtype:  #King's_English  standard southern British English
                          subtype:  #Middle_English  English from about 1100 to 1450
                             subtype:  #East_Midland  the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English
                             subtype:  #West_Midland  a dialect of Middle English
                             subtype:  #Northern  a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans
                             subtype:  #Kentish  a dialect of Middle English
                             subtype:  #Southwestern__West_Saxon  a dialect of Middle English
                          subtype:  #Modern_English  English since about 1450
                          subtype:  #Old_English__Anglo-Saxon  English prior to about 1100
                             subtype:  #West_Saxon  a literary dialect of Old English
                             subtype:  #Anglian  one of the major dialects of Old English
                             subtype:  #Jutish__Kentish  one of the major dialects of Old English
                          subtype:  #Oxford_English  the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious
                          subtype:  #Scottish__Scots__Scots_English  the dialect of English used in Scotland
                             subtype:  #Scottish_Lallans__Lallans  a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland
                       subtype:  #German_language__German__High_German  the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic
                          subtype:  #Old_High_German  High German prior to 1200
                          subtype:  #Middle_High_German  High German from 1100 to 1500
                          subtype:  #Yiddish  a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken as a vernacular by European Jews
                          subtype:  #Pennsylvania_Dutch  a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland
                       subtype:  #Low_German__Plattdeutsch  a German dialect spoken in northern Germany
                          subtype:  #Old_Saxon  Low German prior to 1200
                          subtype:  #Middle_Low_German  Low German from 1100 to 1500
                       subtype:  #Dutch  the West Germanic language of the Netherlands
                          subtype:  #Flemish_dialect__Flemish  one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch
                          subtype:  #Afrikaans__Taal__the_Taal__South_African_Dutch  an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish
                       subtype:  #Frisian  a West Germanic language spoken in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English
                          subtype:  #Old_Frisian  the Frisian language until the 16th century
                    subtype:  #Proto-Norse  the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700
                    subtype:  #Old_Norse  the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350
                       subtype:  #Old_Icelandic__oldicelandic  the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600
                    subtype:  #Scandinavian_language__Scandinavian__Nordic__Norse__North_Germanic__North_Germanic_language  the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland
                       subtype:  #Danish  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark
                       subtype:  #Icelandic  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland
                       subtype:  #Norwegian  a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway
                          subtype:  #Bokmal__Dano-Norwegian__Riksmal  one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish
                          subtype:  #New_Norwegian__Landsmal__Nynorsk  one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects
                       subtype:  #Swedish  a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland
                       subtype:  #Faroese__Faeroese  a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands
                    subtype:  #East_Germanic_language__East_Germanic  an extinct branch of the Germanic languages
                       subtype:  #Gothic  extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas
                 subtype:  #Celtic_language__Celtic  a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era
                    subtype:  #Gaelic__Goidelic__Erse  any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland
                       subtype:  #Irish_Gaelic__Irish  the Celtic language of Ireland
                          subtype:  #Old_Irish  Irish Gaelic up to about 1100
                          subtype:  #Middle_Irish  Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500
                       subtype:  #Scottish_Gaelic__Scots_Gaelic  the Gaelic language of Scotland
                       subtype:  #Manx  the Gaelic language formerly spoken on the Isle of Man
                    subtype:  #Brythonic__Brittanic  a southern group of Celtic languages
                       subtype:  #Welsh  a Celtic language of Wales
                       subtype:  #Cornish.Brythonic__cornish  a Celtic language formerly spoken in Cornwall
                       subtype:  #Breton  a Celtic language of Brittany
                 subtype:  #Italic_language__Italic  a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative
                    subtype:  #Osco-Umbrian  a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin
                       subtype:  #Umbrian  an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
                       subtype:  #Oscan  an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy
                       subtype:  #Sabellian  an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions
                    subtype:  #Latin  any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
                       subtype:  #Old_Latin  the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.)
                       subtype:  #classical_Latin  the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me"
                       subtype:  #Low_Latin  any dialect of Latin other than the classical
                          subtype:  #Vulgar_Latin  nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages
                          subtype:  #Medieval_Latin  Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages
                       subtype:  #Late_Latin__Biblical_Latin  the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries
                       subtype:  #Neo-Latin__New_Latin  Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature
                       subtype:  #Romance_language__Romance__romance__Latinian_language  the group of languages derived from Latin
                          subtype:  #bodice_ripper  a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated
                          subtype:  #Italian.Romance_language__italian  the Romance language spoken in Italy
                             subtype:  #Old_Italian  the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century
                             subtype:  #Tuscan  a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence)
                          subtype:  #French  the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France
                             subtype:  #Langue_d'oil_French__Langue_d'oil  medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France
                             subtype:  #Langue_d'oc_French__Langue_d'oc  medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France
                                subtype:  #Provencal__Occitan__occitan  the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc
                             subtype:  #Old_French  the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century
                             subtype:  #Norman-French__Old_North_French  the medieval Norman dialect of Old French
                             subtype:  #Anglo-French__Anglo-Norman  the French (Norman) language used in medieval England
                             subtype:  #Canadian_French__canadianfrench  the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada
                             subtype:  #Walloon  dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France
                          subtype:  #Portuguese  the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil
                             subtype:  #Galician  the dialect of Portuguese (sometimes regarded as a dialect of Spanish) spoken in Galicia northwestern Spain
                          subtype:  #Spanish  the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain
                             subtype:  #Mexican_Spanish  the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico
                          subtype:  #Catalan  the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)
                          subtype:  #Rumanian  an eastern Romance language spoken in Rumania
                 subtype:  #Tocharian  a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D.
                    subtype:  #Turfan_dialect__Turfan__East_Tocharian  a dialect of Tocharian
                    subtype:  #Kuchean_dialect__Kuchean__West_Tocharian  a dialect of Tocharian
                 subtype:  #Indo-Iranian_language__Indo-Iranian  the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups
                    subtype:  #Indic__Indo-Aryan  a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages
                       subtype:  #Sanskrit__Sanskritic_language  an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes
                          subtype:  #Sindhi  the Indic language of the Sindhi people
                          subtype:  #Romany__Gypsy  the Indic language of the Gypsies
                          subtype:  #Urdu  the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script
                          subtype:  #Hindi  the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script
                             subtype:  #Hindoostani__Hindustani__Hindostani  a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi
                          subtype:  #Bihari  the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh)
                          subtype:  #Magadhan  a subfamily of Indic languages
                             subtype:  #Asamiya__Assamese  the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali
                             subtype:  #Bengali  a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and West Bengal
                             subtype:  #Oriya  a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya people and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa
                          subtype:  #Marathi__Mahratti  an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script
                          subtype:  #Gujarati__Gujerati  the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India
                          subtype:  #Punjabi__Panjabi  the Indic language spoken by most people in Punjab in northwestern India
                          subtype:  #Sinhala__Sinhalese__Singhalese  the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka
                       subtype:  #Dard__Dardic__Dardic_language  any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan
                          subtype:  #Shina  a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir
                          subtype:  #Khowar  a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan
                          subtype:  #Kafiri  a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan
                          subtype:  #Kashmiri  the official state language of Kashmir
                       subtype:  #Nepali  the official state language of Nepal
                    subtype:  #Iranian_language__Iranian  the modern Persian language spoken in Iran
                       subtype:  #Zend__Avestan  an ancient Iranian language
                       subtype:  #Gathic  an ancient Iranian language
                       subtype:  #Persian__Farsi  the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms
                       subtype:  #Dari_Persian__Dari  an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan
                       subtype:  #Tajiki  an Iranian language spoken in Iran and Russia
                       subtype:  #Kurdish  an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia
                       subtype:  #Balochi__Baluchi  an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf
                       subtype:  #Paxto__Pashto__Afghani__Afghan  an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan
                       subtype:  #Ossete  a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia
                       subtype:  #Scythian  the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians
                 subtype:  #Anatolian_language__Anatolian  an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European
                    subtype:  #Hittite  the principal language of the Anatolian group
                    subtype:  #Lycian  an Anatolian language
                    subtype:  #Luwian__Luvian  an Anatolian language
                    subtype:  #Lydian  an Anatolian language
                    subtype:  #Palaic  an Anatolian language
                 subtype:  #Hellenic__Greek__Hellenic_language  the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages
                    subtype:  #Modern_Greek  the Greek language as spoken and written today
                       subtype:  #Romaic__Demotic  the modern Greek vernacular
                       subtype:  #Katharevusa  literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine
                    subtype:  #Late_Greek  the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries
                    subtype:  #Medieval_Greek__Middle_Greek__Byzantine_Greek  the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD
                    subtype:  #Koine  a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire
                    subtype:  #Ancient_Greek  the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire
                       subtype:  #Attic__Classical_Greek  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens
                       subtype:  #Aeolic__Eolic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis
                       subtype:  #Arcadic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians
                       subtype:  #Doric  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in the Peloponnesus
                       subtype:  #Ionic  the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Ionia
              subtype:  #Ural-Altaic  a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian)
                 subtype:  #Altaic_language__Altaic  a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
                    subtype:  #Turkic__Turki__Turko-Tatar__Turkic_language  a subfamily of Altaic languages
                       subtype:  #Turkish  a Turkic language spoken by the Turks
                       subtype:  #Turkmen__Turkoman__Turcoman  the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman people
                       subtype:  #Azerbaijani  the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani people
                       subtype:  #Kazak__Kazakh  the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
                       subtype:  #Tatar  the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains
                       subtype:  #Uzbek__Uzbeg__Uzbak__Usbek__Usbeg  the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek people
                       subtype:  #Uigur__Uighur  the Turkic language spoken by the Uigur people
                       subtype:  #Yakut  the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut people
                       subtype:  #Kirghiz__Kirgiz__Khirghiz  the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz people
                       subtype:  #Karakalpak  the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak people
                       subtype:  #Chuvash  the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash people
                       subtype:  #Chagatai__Jagatai__Jaghatai__Eastern_Turki  a literary language of Chinese Turkestan (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan)
                    subtype:  #Tungusic_language__Tungusic  a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas
                       subtype:  #Tunguz__Tungus__Evenki__Ewenki  the Tungusic language of the Evenki people in eastern Siberia
                       subtype:  #Manchu  the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu people
                    subtype:  #Mongolian__Mongolic__Mongolic_language  a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia
                       subtype:  #Khalkha__Khalka__Kalka  the language of the Khalkha people that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic
                    subtype:  #Korean.Altaic_language__korean  the Altaic language spoken by the Korean people
                    subtype:  #Japanese  the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese people
                       subtype:  #Ryukyuan  the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands
                 subtype:  #Uralic_language__Uralic  a family of Ural-Altaic languages
                    subtype:  #Finno-Ugric__Finno-Ugrian  a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions)
                       subtype:  #Fennic__Finnic__Non-Ugric  one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian)
                          subtype:  #Permic  a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals
                             subtype:  #Udmurt__Votyak  the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak people
                             subtype:  #Zyrian__Komi  the Finnic language spoken by the Komi people
                          subtype:  #Volgaic  a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river
                             subtype:  #Cheremis__Cheremiss__Mari  the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis people
                             subtype:  #Mordva__Mordvin__Mordvinian  the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvin people
                          subtype:  #Baltic-Finnic  a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian
                             subtype:  #Livonian  the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia
                             subtype:  #Estonian__Esthonian  the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages
                             subtype:  #Karelian__Carelian  a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia
                             subtype:  #Ludian  a Baltic-Finnic language
                             subtype:  #Finnish__Suomi  the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages
                             subtype:  #Veps__Vepse__Vepsian  a Finnic language spoken by the Veps people
                             subtype:  #Ingrian  a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian people
                       subtype:  #Ugric__Ugrian  one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia
                          subtype:  #Hungarian__Magyar  the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages
                          subtype:  #Khanty__Ostyak  a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak people
                          subtype:  #Mansi__Vogul  the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul people
                    subtype:  #Lappic__Lappish  any of the languages spoken by the Lapp people and generally assumed to be Uralic languages
                       subtype:  #Sami__Lapp  the language of the nomadic Lapp people in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula
                    subtype:  #Samoyedic__Samoyed  the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed people in northwestern Siberia
                       subtype:  #Nenets__Nentsi__Nentsy__Yurak-Samoyed  a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed people of northern Siberia
                       subtype:  #Enets__Entsi__Entsy__Yenisei__Yenisei-Samoyed__Yeniseian  the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian people
                       subtype:  #Nganasan  the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan people
                       subtype:  #Selkup__Ostyak-Samoyed  the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed people
              subtype:  #Basque  the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language
              subtype:  #Elamitic__Elamite__Susian  an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites
              subtype:  #Kassite__Cassite  an ancient language spoken by the Kassite people
              subtype:  #Caucasian_language__Caucasian  a number of language spoken in the Caucasus that have no known affiliations to languages spoken elsewhere
                 subtype:  #Georgian.Caucasian_language__georgian  a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition
                 subtype:  #Circassian  a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian people
                    subtype:  #Abkhazian__Abkhasian  a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz people
                 subtype:  #Ubykh  a virtually extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey
              subtype:  #Dravidian_language__Dravidian__Dravidic  a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka
                 subtype:  #South_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India
                    subtype:  #Irula  a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India
                    subtype:  #Kodagu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Kodagu people
                    subtype:  #Kota__Kotar  a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota people
                    subtype:  #Toda  the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda people in southern India
                    subtype:  #Kannada__Kanarese  a Dravidian language spoken in southern India
                       subtype:  #Badaga  the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga people
                    subtype:  #Tulu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu people
                    subtype:  #Malayalam  a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India
                    subtype:  #Tamil  the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil people in southern India and Sri Lanka
                 subtype:  #South-Central_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India
                    subtype:  #Telugu  a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu people in southeastern India
                    subtype:  #Savara  a Dravidian language spoke by the Savara people in southeastern India (north of Madras)
                    subtype:  #Gondi  a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond people in south central India
                    subtype:  #Pengo  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
                    subtype:  #Manda  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
                    subtype:  #Kui  the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui people in southeastern India
                    subtype:  #Kuvi  a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India
                 subtype:  #Central_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India
                    subtype:  #Kolami  the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam people in central India
                    subtype:  #Naiki  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
                    subtype:  #Parji  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
                    subtype:  #Ollari  a Dravidian language spoken in south central India
                    subtype:  #Gadaba  the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba people
                 subtype:  #North_Dravidian  a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India
                    subtype:  #Kurux  a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India
                    subtype:  #Malto  the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto people
                    subtype:  #Brahui  an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in Pakistan
              subtype:  #Afroasiatic_language__Afroasiatic__Afrasian__Afrasian_language__Hamito-Semitic  a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa
                 subtype:  #Chad__Chadic__Chadic_language  a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa
                    subtype:  #West_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member
                       subtype:  #Hausa__Haussa  the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language
                       subtype:  #Bole__Bolanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
                       subtype:  #Angas  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa
                       subtype:  #Ron__Bokkos__Daffo  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
                       subtype:  #Bade  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
                       subtype:  #Warji  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
                       subtype:  #Zaar__Sayanci  a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria
                    subtype:  #Biu-Mandara  a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Tera__Pidlimdi__Yamaltu  a three-tone Chadic language
                       subtype:  #Bura__Pabir  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Higi__Kapsiki  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Mandara__Wandala  a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels
                       subtype:  #Matakam__Mafa  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Sukur  a Chadic language spoke south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Daba__Kola__Musgoi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Bata  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Kotoko  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Musgu__Munjuk__Mulwi  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                       subtype:  #Gidar  a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad
                    subtype:  #East_Chadic  a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad
                       subtype:  #Somrai__Sibine  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                       subtype:  #Nancere  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                       subtype:  #Kera  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                       subtype:  #Dangla__Dangaleat  a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length
                       subtype:  #Mokulu  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                       subtype:  #Sokoro  a Chadic language spoken in Chad
                    subtype:  #Masa  an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages
                 subtype:  #Semitic  a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family
                    subtype:  #Akkadian  an ancient branch of the Semitic languages
                       subtype:  #Assyrian  an extinct language of the Assyrians regarded as a dialect of Akkadian
                    subtype:  #Amharic__Ethiopian_language  the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara people have been in close contact
                    subtype:  #Arabic_language__Arabic  the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
                    subtype:  #Aramaic  an ancient group of related Semitic dialects some of which are still spoken in Syria
                       subtype:  #Biblical_Aramaic  the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
                    subtype:  #Canaanitic_language__Canaanitic  a group of Semitic languages
                       subtype:  #Hebrew  the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel
                          subtype:  #Modern_Hebrew  Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew
                       subtype:  #Canaanite  the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest
                       subtype:  #Phoenician  the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world
                          subtype:  #Punic  the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage
                       subtype:  #Ugaritic  an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria
                 subtype:  #Hamitic_language__Hamitic  a group of North African languages related to Semitic
                 subtype:  #Egyptian  the ancient and now extinct language of Pharaonic Egypt; written records date back to 3000 BC
                    subtype:  #Coptic  the liturgical language of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet
                 subtype:  #Berber  a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of North Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco
                    subtype:  #Tuareg  the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg people
                 subtype:  #Cushitic  a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions
                    subtype:  #Somali  the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali people
                 subtype:  #Omotic  a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages
              subtype:  #Niger-Kordofanian_language__Niger-Kordofanian  the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula)
                 subtype:  #Kordofanian  a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan
                 subtype:  #Niger-Congo  a family of African language spoken in west Africa
                    subtype:  #Sango  a trade language widely used in Chad
                    subtype:  #Bantoid_language__Bantu  a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent
                       subtype:  #Chichewa  the Bantu language of the Chewa people of east central Africa
                       subtype:  #ChiMwini  a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia
                       subtype:  #Chishona  a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe
                       subtype:  #Fang  a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
                       subtype:  #Gikuyu  a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
                       subtype:  #Giriama  a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya
                       subtype:  #Kamba  a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people in Kenya
                       subtype:  #Kichaga__Chaga__Chagga  a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania
                       subtype:  #Kinyarwanda  a Bantu language
                       subtype:  #Kiswahili  a Bantu language
                       subtype:  #Kongo  the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo people living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
                       subtype:  #Luba  a Bantu language spoken in southern Zaire
                       subtype:  #LuGanda  the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda
                       subtype:  #Luyia  a Bantu language
                       subtype:  #Mashi  a Bantu language
                       subtype:  #Mwera  a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania
                       subtype:  #Nguni  a group of southern Bantu languages
                          subtype:  #Ndebele__Matabele  a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu
                          subtype:  #Swazi  a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
                          subtype:  #Xhosa  a Bantu language closely related to Zulu
                          subtype:  #Zulu  a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa
                       subtype:  #Nyamwezi  a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania
                       subtype:  #Pokomo  a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa
                       subtype:  #Sotho  any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho people in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho
                          subtype:  #Sesotho__Basuto  the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho
                          subtype:  #Setswana__Tswana__Sechuana  the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana people in Botswana
                       subtype:  #Umbundu  a Bantu language spoken in Angola
                       subtype:  #Swahili  the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa
                       subtype:  #Tonga  the language of the Tonga people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia)
                    subtype:  #Gur__Voltaic  a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana
                    subtype:  #West_African  a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa
                       subtype:  #Fula__Fulah__Fulani  a family of languages of the Fula people of west Africa in the sub-Sahara regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African Niger-Congo languages
                       subtype:  #Serer  a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia
                       subtype:  #Wolof  the West AFrican language of the Wolof people in Senegal
                    subtype:  #Mande  a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast
                    subtype:  #Kwa  a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria
                       subtype:  #Aku__Yoruba  a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba people in southwestern Nigeria
                       subtype:  #Akan  a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast
                       subtype:  #Ewe  a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe people in Ghana and Togo and Benin
              subtype:  #Nilo-Saharan_language__Nilo-Saharan  a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania
                 subtype:  #Chari-Nile  a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania
                    subtype:  #Nilotic_language__Nilotic  a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group
                       subtype:  #Dinka  a Nilotic language
                       subtype:  #Luo  a Nilotic language
                       subtype:  #Masai  a Nilotic language
                 subtype:  #Saharan  a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad
                 subtype:  #Songhai  a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai people in Mali and Niger
           subtype:  #linguistic_string__string__string_of_words__word_string  a linear sequence of words as spoken or written
              subtype:  #sentence  a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences"
                 subtype:  #complex_sentence__complexsentence  a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
                    subtype:  #loose_sentence__loosesentence  a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows
                    subtype:  #periodic_sentence  a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause
                 subtype:  #compound_sentence  a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses
                 subtype:  #declarative_sentence__declarativesentence__declaratory_sentence__declaratorysentence  a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration
                 subtype:  #run-on_sentence  an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction
                 subtype:  #topic_sentence__topicsentence  a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph
                 subtype:  #interrogative__question__interrogation__interrogative_sentence__interrogativesentence  a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations"
                    subtype:  #cross-question__crossquestion  a question asked in cross-examination
                    subtype:  #leading_question__leadingquestion  a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination
                    subtype:  #yes-no_question  a question that can be answered by yes or no
              subtype:  #syntagma__syntagm  a syntactic string that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit
                 subtype:  #grammatical_constituent__grammaticalconstituent__constituent  a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction
                    subtype:  #subject.grammatical_constituent  (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
                    subtype:  #object  a grammatical constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb"
                       subtype:  #prepositional_object__prepositionalobject__object_of_a_preposition  the object governed by a preposition
                       subtype:  #direct_object__object_of_the_verb  the object that receives the direct action of the verb
                       subtype:  #indirect_object  the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb
                       subtype:  #retained_object  an object in a passive construction
                    subtype:  #ablative_absolute  a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier
                    subtype:  #immediate_constituent__immediateconstituent  a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate
                    subtype:  #grammatical_construction__grammaticalconstruction__construction__expression  a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner"
                       subtype:  #clause  (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence
                          subtype:  #main_clause__independent_clause__independentclause  a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence
                          subtype:  #subordinate_clause__subordinateclause__dependent_clause__dependentclause  a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb
                             subtype:  #restrictive_clause__restrictiveclause  a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
                             subtype:  #nonrestrictive_clause__descriptive_clause__descriptiveclause  a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies
                          subtype:  #relative_clause  a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'"
                       subtype:  #complement  a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
                       subtype:  #involution  a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction
                       subtype:  #phrase  an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not containing a finite verb
                          subtype:  #noun_phrase  (linguistics) a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
                          subtype:  #verb_phrase__predicate  (linguistics) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements
                          subtype:  #prepositional_phrase__prepositionalphrase  a phrase beginning with a preposition
                          subtype:  #response.phrase  a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister
                          subtype:  #advice_and_consent  a legal phrase in the US Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making
                          subtype:  #catchphrase__catch_phrase__catchphrase  a phrase that has become a catchword
                       subtype:  #predicator  an expression that predicates
                    subtype:  #misconstruction  an ungrammatical constituent
                    subtype:  #term.grammatical_constituent  one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice"
                       subtype:  #subject.term  (logic) the first term of a proposition
                       subtype:  #predicate  (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates"
                       subtype:  #grammatical_referent__grammaticalreferent__referent  the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate
                       subtype:  #relatum  a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition
                       subtype:  #major_term__majorterm  the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion
                       subtype:  #minor_term__minorterm  the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion
                       subtype:  #middle_term  the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion
           subtype:  #barrage__outpouring__onslaught  the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written)
  subtype:  pm#string  a string of characters
     subtype:  rdfs#XML_literal
        subtype:  rdfs#Literal
           subtype:  pm#name_string
     subtype:  sumo#character  element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc.; sumo#character is a subclass of sumo#symbolic_string, because every instance of sumo#character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element

10 statements are about indirect instances of sumo#content_bearing_object: pm#graph1_on_conference, pm#graph1_on_file, pm#graph1_on_written_material, pm#graph1_on_publication, pm#graph1_on_report, pm#graph35_on_article, pm#graph1_on_address, pm#graph1_on_housing, pm#graph1_on_meal_shop, pm#graph1_on_person click here to display them or click here for a search form or here to add a statement

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