package PM {
//----------------------- Forward declarations -------------------------
class IntRange; class Date; class User;
abstract class Term; abstract class Type;
abstract class ConceptNode; class QNode;
// by representing numbers as strings, we can apply default values
// to them, which is convenient until we upgrade HUTN to handle
// default values on numbers
typedef string Number;
typedef string Natural; //positive (or null) integer
//------------------------------ KRelt ---------------------------------
abstract class KRElt {
};
abstract class EltWithCreator : KRElt {
attribute string comment; //comment stored with the object
attribute bag [0..1] of Date creationDate;
reference creator to creator of HasCreator;
}; //direct subclasses: Term, Partition, Node and Correction
abstract class EltWithoutCreator : KRElt {
}; //direct subclasses: Collection, Value, NameSpace, Quantifier
// and ConflictResolution
//A node is not a term (named category), it is a structure
//aggregating a term, a quantifier (implicit/null if the term
//is an individual) and other stuff.
//Similarly, values and name spaces are not terms; they won't
//be related by links (e.g. partOf links) like terms arewill.
association HasCreator { //pm: was called HasCreatedElts
end set [0..*] of EltWithCreator creatorOf;
end single User creator;
};
//-------------------- Link (between named categories) ---------------------
abstract class Link: EltWithCreator {
//attribute string name; //instance, subtype, sameAs,
//differentFrom, exclusion, complement, inverse,
//member, part, substance, location, object, url
attribute boolean isReversed;
attribute Natural minDomain;
attribute Natural maxDomain;
attribute Natural minRange;
attribute Natural maxRange;
reference source to source of HasLinkSourceTerm;
reference dest to dest of HasLinkDestTerm;
};
class InstanceOf: Link {}; class Supertype: Link {};
class Instance: Link {}; class Subtype: Link {};
class SameAs: Link {}; class DifferentFrom:Link{}; class Exclusion:Link{};
class Inverse: Link {}; class Complement: Link {};
class Member: Link {}; class Part: Link {}; class Substance: Link{};
class Location: Link {}; class Obj: Link{}; class Url: Link{};
//class LinkBetweenTypes: Link {
// reference source to source of HasLinkSourceType;
// reference dest to dest of HasLinkDestType;
//};
//class Subtype:LinkBetweenTypes {}; class Exclusion: LinkBetweenTypes {};
//class Inverse:LinkBetweenTypes {}; class Complement:LinkBetweenTypes {};
//association HasLinkSourceType {
// end set [0..*] of Link sourceOf;
// end single Type source;
//};
//association HasLinkDestType {
// end set [0..*] of Link destOf;
// end single Type dest;
//};
//class LinkBetweenTerms: Link {
// reference source to source of HasLinkSourceTerms;
// reference dest to dest of HasLinkDestTerms;
//};
//class Instance: LinkBetweenTerms {}; class SameAs: LinkBetweenTerms {};
//class DifferentFrom: LinkBetweenTerms {};
//class Member: LinkBetweenTerms {}; class Part: LinkBetweenTerms {};
//class Substance: LinkBetweenTerms {}; class Location: LinkBetweenTerms{};
//class Object: LinkBetweenTerms {}; class Url: LinkBetweenTerms {};
association HasLinkSourceTerm {
end set [0..*] of Link sourceOf;
composite end single Term source; // KR was here!
};
association HasLinkDestTerm {
end set [0..*] of Link destOf;
end single Term dest;
};
//------------------------ Term (named category) -----------------------
abstract class Term: EltWithCreator {
reference identifier to identifier of HasIdentifier;
reference name to name of HasName;
reference sourceOf to sourceOf of HasLinkSourceTerm;
reference destOf to destOf of HasLinkDestTerm;
//reference sourceTypeOf to sourceOf of HasLinkSourceType;
//reference destTypeOf to destOf of HasLinkDestType;
//to refer to nodes (and hence statements) using this term
//WITHOUT QUANTIFIER; if "this" is a type, the node is either
//connected to a second-order relation or is an embedding node
reference directTNode to termOf of HasConceptNodeTerm;
//to refer to the user represented by this term
reference representationOf to representationOf
of HasRepresentation;
};
class Indiv: Term { //Individual/type0: term that cannot have instances,
}; // subtypes or supertypes
abstract class Type : Term {
//reference instance to instance of HasInstance;
//reference subtype to subtype of HasSubtype;
//reference supertype to subtypeOf of HasSubtype;
reference subtypePartition to subtypePartition
of HasSubtypePartition;
reference subtypePartitionEltOf to subtypePartitionEltOf
of HasSubtypePartitionElt;
reference partPartition to partPartition
of HasPartPartition;
reference partPartitionEltOf to partPartitionEltOf
of HasPartPartitionElt;
reference domainOf to domainOf of HasDomain; //default: any
reference rangeOf to rangeOf of HasRange; //default: any
//to refer to definitions of this type
reference definition to definition of HasDefinedType;
//to refer to concept nodes and relations using this type
//WITH a QUANTIFIER
reference directQNode to typeOf of HasConceptNodeType;
reference relation to typeOf of HasRelationType;
};
class MetaType : Type { //pm: not used below but Type is abstract
};
class CType : Type { //pm: not used below but Type is abstract
};
class RType : Type {
//pm: We may want to accept non binary relations even though we also want
//pm: to discourage their use. With the following, relations are only binary.
attribute Natural minDomain;
attribute Natural maxDomain; //if =1, this is a function type?
attribute Natural minRange; //always 0 (optional to use)!
attribute Natural maxRange;
reference domain to domain of HasDomain;
reference range to range of HasRange;
};
//pm: class Alias : Term { //Term that is the destination of an '=' link
//pm: }; //Can probably be removed (it is an implementation issue).
//pm: class Undefined : Term { //temporary and not mandatory since Term
//pm: }; //can be used instead
//...... A few links between categories (2nd-order relations)
//pm: can creators be associated to links when represented this way?
association HasDomain { //for the signature of binary relation
end set [0..*] of RType domainOf;
end single Type domain;
};
association HasRange { //for the signature of binary relation
end set [0..*] of RType rangeOf;
end single Type range;
};
//--------------------------- Partition --------------------------------
//a partition is a set of exclusive types or statements
abstract class Partition : EltWithCreator {
attribute boolean isClosed; //if not, it is redundant since
//its elements can be automatically found
};
abstract class TypePartition : Partition {
};
class SubtypePartition : TypePartition {
reference subtype to subtype of HasSubtypePartitionElt;
};
class PartPartition : TypePartition {
reference partType to partType of HasPartPartitionElt;
};
association HasSubtypePartition {
composite end single Type subtypePartitionOf;
end set [0..*] of SubtypePartition subtypePartition;
};
association HasSubtypePartitionElt {
end set [0..*] of SubtypePartition subtypePartitionEltOf;
end set [0..*] of Type subtype;
};
association HasPartPartition {
composite end single Type partPartitionOf;
end set [0..*] of PartPartition partPartition;
};
association HasPartPartitionElt {
end set [0..*] of PartPartition partPartitionEltOf;
end set [0..*] of Type partType;
};
//----------------------------- Value ---------------------------------
abstract class Value: EltWithoutCreator { //it was OntologyElt
};
class Time : Value { //originally Time was a struct but it broke HUTN
attribute Natural year;
attribute Natural month;
attribute Natural day;
attribute Natural hour;
attribute Natural minute;
attribute Natural second;
};
class Date : Time {
};
class Duration : Time {
};
class TimeValue: Value { //pm: not yet used
attribute Time t;
};
class TimeRange: TimeValue { //pm: not yet used
attribute Time t2;
};
class IntValue: Value { //pm: not yet used
attribute Natural v;
};
class StringValue: Value {
attribute string s;
};
typedef string Variable;
//---------------------- User/NameSpace and Name ----------------------
// Names, like identifiers, include a reference to a
// name space and to a name. In fact identifiers are names, the
// only difference is that two terms may share the same name but
// cannot share the same identifier. How is this issue dealt above?
class Name: StringValue {
reference nameSpace to nameSpace of HasNameSpace;
reference nameOf to nameOf of HasName;
};
class Identifier: Name {
reference identifierOf to identifierOf of HasIdentifier;
};
class NameSpace: EltWithoutCreator { //pm: not Term
attribute string name;
attribute string password;
//the term representing this namespace is likely to be an URL
reference term to representation of HasRepresentation;
reference nameSpaceOf to nameSpaceOf of HasNameSpace;
};
class User: NameSpace {
reference creatorOf to creatorOf of HasCreator;
};
association HasRepresentation { //"has a term representing it"
end single NameSpace representationOf;
end set [0..*] of Term representation; //most likely only 1
};
association HasName {
end set [0..*] of Term nameOf;
end set [0..*] of Name name;
};
association HasIdentifier {
end single Term identifierOf; //uniquely identified term
end set [0..*] of Name identifier; //possibly many identifiers
};
association HasNameSpace {
end ordered set [0..*] of Name nameSpaceOf;
end set [0..*] of NameSpace nameSpace;
};
//-------------------------- Collection --------------------------------
typedef string CollKind; //enum CollKind {cSet,cBag,cList,cSequence};
typedef string CollAggregation; //enum CollAggregation {and,or,xor};
// enum CollInterpretation { distributive, collective, cumulative };
typedef string CollInterpretation; //default: distributive
abstract class Collection : EltWithoutCreator {
attribute CollKind kind;
attribute boolean isOpenColl;
attribute CollAggregation aggregation;
attribute CollInterpretation interpretation;
//pm: attribute Number size; //number of elems: not all may be given
};
//----------------------------- Node -----------------------------------
abstract class Node : EltWithCreator {
};
abstract class ConceptNode : Node {
reference sourceOf to sourceOf of HasSourceNode;
reference destOf to destOf of HasDestNode;
reference destRefOf to destOf of HasReferredDestNode;
reference collEltOf to collEltOf of HasCollectionElt;
//a class EmbeddedNode could be created for the next 2 lines
//but multi-instantiation would be needed to permit instances
//of subclasses of Node to be also instance of EmbeddedNode
attribute boolean isNegated;
reference embeddingNode to embeddedNodeOf of HasEmbeddedNode;
reference embeddedNode1RefOf to embeddedNodeOf
of HasReferredFirstEmbeddedNode;
//Using variables is one of the ways to
//1) connect this node to a definition parameter,
//2) specify that this connect is identical to another node.
//In both cases, if multi-instantiation is possible,
//an association could also be used.
attribute Variable var;
};
// enum Modality { noneM, must, may, can }; //default: none
typedef string Modality;
class Relation : Node {
attribute boolean isReversed;
attribute Modality modality;
reference rType to rType of HasRelationType;
reference source to source of HasSourceNode;
reference dest to dest of HasDestNode;
reference destRef to dest of HasReferredDestNode;
};
association HasRelationType {
end set [0..*] of Relation typeOf;
end single Type rType; //not always RelationType
};
association HasSourceNode { //pm: I have reversed the order/direction
end set [0..*] of Relation sourceOf; //normally 1
composite end single ConceptNode source;
};
association HasDestNode { //pm: I have reversed the order/direction
composite end single Relation destOf;
end single ConceptNode dest;
};
association HasReferredDestNode { //pm: I have reversed the order/direction
end set [0..*] of Relation destOf;
end single ConceptNode dest;
};
//.................. VNode (ConceptNodeForValue) ......................
// Concept node with just a value (number or time) or an interval of
// value. Nno term, no quantifier.
class VNode : ConceptNode {
};
// enum Precision { exact, about, around, atLeast,atMost,between };
typedef string Precision; //default: exact
class NodeForNumber : VNode {
attribute Precision precision;
attribute Number num; attribute Number toNumber;
};
class NodeForTime : VNode { //point in time or duration
attribute Time aTime; attribute Time toTime;
};
//................. QNode (QuantifiedConceptNode) .....................
//enum QuantifierKind { some, few, most, several,
// all, percent, local_any, local_percent };
typedef string QuantifierKind; //default: some
class Quantifier : EltWithoutCreator {
attribute QuantifierKind kind;
attribute Number num; //Number HUTNs better than Value
attribute Number toNumber;
attribute Precision precision;
};
//enum Qualifier {noneQ,small,important,big,great, good,bad};
typedef string Qualifier; //default: noneQ
class QNode : ConceptNode {
reference cType to cType of HasConceptNodeType;
attribute boolean isNegatedType; //NEW!
attribute bag [0..1] of Quantifier quantifier;
//reference quantifier to quantifier of HasQuantifier;
attribute Qualifier qualifier;
}; //a type may also be used without quantifier
// association HasQuantifier {
// composite end single QNode quantifierOf;
// end single Quantifier quantifier;
// };
association HasConceptNodeType {
end set [0..*] of Node typeOf;
end single Type cType;
};
//...................... NodeCollection ..........................
class NodeCollection : QNode, Collection {
reference collElt to collElt of HasCollectionElt;
};
association HasCollectionElt {
composite end single NodeCollection collEltOf;
end set [0..*] of ConceptNode collElt;
};
//................. TNode (ConceptNodeForTerm) ..................
//the term may be a type if a second-order relation is connected
//or, in the case this node is an embedding node (see below), if a
//statement type (e.g. hypothesis or proof) is given instead of an
//individual (if neither is given, the statement type is "statement")
class TNode : ConceptNode {
reference term to term of HasConceptNodeTerm;
};
association HasConceptNodeTerm {
end set [0..*] of TNode termOf;
end single Term term;
};
//.................... EmbeddingNode (statement) ......................
//an embedding node may or may not be quantified.
abstract class EmbeddingNode : TNode { //assertion/defin./query
attribute string text; //text used for asserting the node
//or application-dependant place of storage
reference embeddedNode to embeddedNode of HasEmbeddedNode;
reference embeddedNode1 to firstEmbeddedNode
of HasFirstEmbeddedNode;
reference embeddedNode1Ref to firstEmbeddedNode
of HasReferredFirstEmbeddedNode;
};
//pm: class EmbeddedNode : ConceptNode { //replaced by ENode below
//pm: reference embeddingNode to embeddedNodeOf of HasEmbeddedNode;
//pm: };
association HasEmbeddedNode {
composite end single EmbeddingNode embeddedNodeOf;
end set [0..*] of Node embeddedNode; //Node or EmbeddedNode
};
association HasFirstEmbeddedNode { //the first node of the statement
composite end single Node embeddedNodeOf;
end single Node firstEmbeddedNode;
};
association HasReferredFirstEmbeddedNode {
end set [0..*] of Node embeddedNodeOf;
end single Node firstEmbeddedNode;
};
class KRQuery : EmbeddingNode { //to query statements
};
class LNode : EmbeddingNode { //a node defining And using a lambda
}; //e.g. [most (cat, chrc: a great hapiness)]
//enum DefKind { NC, SC, NSC }; //necessary and/or sufficient conditions
typedef string DefKind;
class Definition : EmbeddingNode {
reference dType to definedType of HasDefinedType;
attribute DefKind kind;
attribute ordered set [0..*] of Variable parameter;
};
association HasDefinedType {
end set [0..*] of Definition definition;
end single Type definedType;
};
class Assertion : EmbeddingNode { //to assert stuff
reference sourceCorrectionOf to sourceCorrectionOf
of HasSourceCorrection;
reference destCorrectionOf to destCorrectionOf
of HasDestCorrection;
reference conflictingNodeOf to conflictingNodeOf
of HasConflictingNode;
};
class ENode : EmbeddingNode { //for embedded and embedding statements
};
//----------------- Correction between assertions -------------------
//To permit a user to record conflicting between 2 statements/beliefs.
typedef string CorrectionKind; //e.g. corrective_specialization,
//corrective_generalization, correction (if previous don't apply),
//correction (if the previous do not apply; e.g. "counterexample"),
//overriding_specialization (e.g. "instantiation")
class Correction : EltWithCreator {
attribute CorrectionKind kind;
reference source to sourceCorrection of HasSourceCorrection;
reference dest to destCorrection of HasDestCorrection;
reference correctionOf to correctionOf of HasCorrection;
};
association HasSourceCorrection {
end single Correction sourceCorrectionOf;
end set [1..1] of Assertion sourceCorrection;
};
association HasDestCorrection {
end single Correction destCorrectionOf;
end set [1..1] of Assertion destCorrection;
};
//Simple elaborations are automatically detected or should be stored
//using rhetorical/argumentation relations between assertions.
//-------------------- ConflictResolution ----------------------------
//To record that two (or more?) assertions are in conflict
//and the corrections that have been made to solve that conflict.
typedef string ConflictResolutionStrategy;
class ConflictResolution : EltWithoutCreator {//Correction has creator
attribute ConflictResolutionStrategy strategy;
reference input to conflictingNode of HasConflictingNode;
reference output to correction of HasCorrection;
};
association HasConflictingNode {
end single ConflictResolution conflictingNodeOf;
end set [2..*] of Assertion conflictingNode;
};
association HasCorrection {
end set [0..*] of ConflictResolution correctionOf;
end set [0..*] of Correction correction;
};
};